Thales of Miletus. Regarded as the father of Philosophy. Thales believed that despite the different things we encounter there is one underlying stuff or substance in which everything is composed.

• Late Greek philosophers. (Socrates and the Socratic Schools)

• Socrates. Socratic Method. An unexamined life is not worth living.

• Plato. World of the Senses and World of Ideas. Concluded that the concept, or idea, is the only true reality.

• Aristotle. Knowledge is formed by human experience. He believes that the perceptual and cognitive faculties of people are dependable.

0 Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are considered the three of the greatest philosophers in the history of Western philosophical thought.

Medieval Period (Scholasticism)

• The emphasis of this philosophy is on God and His existence as a way to justify or defend religious faith.

• Most influential medieval thinkers include:

St. Augustine

St. Thomas Aquinas

• Modern Period

• Postulated by Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650), the Father of Modern Philosophy.

• Epistemology is the first philosophy.

• Emphasize the primacy of knowledge.

• Cogito ergo sum - "I think therefore I am"

• Early and Late modern period of enlightenment.

METHODS

Method is a discipline that deals with the principles and techniques of scientific inquiry

• SCIENTIFIC

scientia, meaning "to produce knowledge"

• Aristotle

Empirical method, a process of Philosophy through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing

It values observation as an important aspect in understanding

result.

• SOCRATIC

elenchus, meaning "elenchi"

- Socrates

• A "didactic dialogue" of questioning that is expressed in critical and cross examination of the position of every participant to the conversation.

* It intends to guide humans to arrive at the truth.

• DIALECTIC

dialektike, meaning "art of discourse"

Discourse between two people holding different points of view about a subject through reasoned methods of argumentation.

• Debate

Discuss the value of doing philosophy.

Intellectually Competent - hindi lahat alam, “we also do not have a monopoly on it”

- sharing ideas

Intellectual Training - train ur brain na wag tumatanggap agad ng information

- reasons

Ideological Expression - sharing of ideas

- Dito persuasion ng isang tao, to give them view, hindi ipepersuade para sundin view mo but to examine others view din

Illumination - enlightenment

Ignorance - lack of knowledge

Dogmatism - avoiding or accepting once beliefs / person that cannot be easily persuade

Diverse Perspective - it can broaden your perspective, dapat you dig deeper para mas mapalawak perspective, kunwari sa tao hindi lang dapat panlabas yung jinajudge mo dapat kalooban niya rin

Clear Mind - cleanses your mind, nililinis ng philosophy yung mga unnecessary thoughts natin, dapat hindi na pinapalaki yung mga bagay na maliit lang naman. After i-clear ang mind magkakaroon na ng realization

Reflective - strengthens your ability to reflect and to think independently. Na-eenhance yung creativity. Maging reflective muna bago ka mag give up. Think before u give up muna, or try first before ka muna mag give up.

Explorer of truth - huwag mapagod na mag acquire ng mga knowledge. Kapag alam na yung katotohanan yourself will be at peace. Wag matatakot na mag explore, risk and try. Be teller of the truth, ishare sa iba.

Discuss the nature of truth.

What is truth?

something that conforms to reality (5 senses)
is a statement that is factual reliable or trustworthy something we know for certain

The truth and its relative concepts

Truth is closely related to Belief

what you believe is always true, for you cannot believe something that you tale to be false. Any expression of belief implies truth.

Truth is closely related to assertion endorsement

When you assert or endorse something, you say that what you believe is true like belief, endorsement or statement cannot be made if there is no claim that what is being endorsed or asserted is true.

Truth is also intimately connected to knowledge

The traditional understanding of propositional knowledge is defined as true and justified beliefs. One cannot know something without being true

Truth is closely related to logic

One cannot say that a conclusion is true if the premises are false. Truth plays a vital role in logic. It is because one of logics goals is to know the truth
we are reasoning kasi we want the truth

Truth is also tied with reality

Truth deals with suggesting that this is the reality of the matter, and human should deal with it In other words, one can say that truth implies fact
2 c is 2 believe

THEORIES OF TRUTH

CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

To say that that which is, is not, or that which is not is is a falsehood; and to say that that which is is, and that which is not, is true - Aristotle
This theory asserts that any proposition or statement is considered as true when it corresponds to reality

COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

Means consistency, a sense of order between our beliefs and the claim we made
Cohere "united as a whole"
In a sense, the Coherence Theory is similar to the Correspondence Theory since both evaluates statements based on their agreement with reality

PRAGMATIC THEORY OF TRUTH

True idea is simply an idea that is useful to those who are using such statements. - Charles Sanders Prerce
Pragmatic, means practical use
An idea that remains practical and useful, it will not diminish its value from being true.

Man - refers to the entire human race

Human being - refers to man as a species

Person - consist of life and a soul

Personhood - state of being a person

Humanperson - totality of an individual

PERSPECTIVE OF A HUMAN PERSON

IDEALISM

Plato
Theory of Ideas
Mind and Soul
Defined by the mind or soul
mind n soul is the ultimate and most essensial compose of a human being

DUALISM

Aristotle
Body and Soul/Mind
not just composed of body and soul but are union of these substances.

CARTESIAN DUALISM

Rene Descartes
composed of body and mind/soul, is essentially thinking thing or being.

PHYSICALISM

body
view that only physical things exist.

Ataraxia - seeking pleasure for knowledge

HUMAN PERSON AS EMBODIED SPIRIT

Metaphysical Approach - answers the what

Existenial - answers who

3 VIEWS OF META

UNSPIRITED BODY VIEW (Physicalism) - body and nothing more.
DISEMBODIED SPIRIT VIEW (Idealism - Plato) - essentially just his/ her spirit.
EMBODIED SPIRIT VIEW (Dualism - Aristotle) - essentially the unity of his/ her body and spirit.

IMMANENCE - quality of being present, everything that is existing in this world is called immanence

TRANSCENDENCE - surpass your limit

TWO PEOPLE

Nick Vujicic - swimmer, wala paa n kamay

Roselle Ambubuyog - bulag

Environmental Philosophy

how humans relate to environment
Studies the moral relationship of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents
lahat ng living organisms are equal

STEVEN VOGEL

The central idea of environmental philosophy is to find an appropriate way to understand and defend natures ontological and ethical status
It is a study dedicated to philosophically reflecting on nature or the environment and its relation to other living beings other than human beings.

2 VIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY

ANTHROPOCENTRIC

Humans are superior and central to the universe, thus, it is human centered
An unfair or unjust utilization of the environment result to ecological crisis

ECOCENTRIC

The ecological or relational integrity of the humans provides meaning of our morals and values, and it is nature centered

* Three Theories of Ecocentric Model:

1. Deep Ecology - all life forms have an equal right to exist. (walang superior or wala ring mababa, equal lang)

2. Social Ecology - how individual interact and respond to the environment around them. (paano ang pakikipag-interact sa environment)

3. Ecofeminism - branch of feminism that examines the connection between women and nature.

4 PERSPECTIVE

ANTROPOCENTRISM

Its original connotation in environmental ethics is the belief that value human-centered and tha all other beings are means to environment.

BIOCENTRISM

Refers to all environmental ethics that extend the status of moral object from human beings to all other living things in nature

ECONCENTRISM

Places the primary focus on the ecosystem in its entirety rather than looking at the environment from a perspectives of human Interests

ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS

This view believes that maintaining order in the environment will bring out the natural beauty of the surroundings

CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

POLLUTION

is not only limited to water, soil and noise but has extended to light, visual, point and non-point sources.

Human beings and their actions are major responsible for causing all types of pollution.

CLIMATE CHANGE

it is rapidly occurring due to the ill effects of human actions responsible for disturbing and harmful out comings
Climate change is not only changing the overall weather scenario but has larger and harmful effects.
Weather (short day) VS Climate (weather in the specific region, long term changes)

GLOBAL WARMING (soafer init)

Global warming is another environmental issue which is increase in earth's temperature
Global warming can have long lasting effects which can result in melting of glaciers, climate change droughts, diseases and increase in hurricanes frequency

DEFORESTATION

Refers to clearing of forest or green cover for means of agriculture, industrial or urban use
Deforestation causes loss of foods, soil erosion, increase in global warming, climate imbalance, wildlife extinction, and other serious environmental issues.

OVERPOPULATION

This is a never-ending human tragedy which is responsible for causing all types of environmental Issues.

INDUSTRIAL AND HOUSEHOLD WASTE

The presence of huge landfills sites across the city pose serious environmental concerns which affects human health, degrades soil quality, effects wildlife's, cause air pollution, and results in climate change.

ACID RAIN

Simple means rain that is acidic in nature due to presence of certain pollutants in the atmosphere These pollutants come in the atmosphere dure to car or industrial processes.

OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

The main cause of depletion of ozone layer is determined as excessive release of chlonne and bromine from man-made compounds such as chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs).

GENETIC ENGINEERING

Genetic modification of food, human and animal organs
Genetic pollutants and alteration of food produce not only have harmful affects on human beings but are responsible for crucial concern known as genetic medication.

URBAN SPRAWL

The expansion of industrial area that led to land degradation and soil pollution and habitat destruction.
Natural environment consisting of flora and fauna is indiscriminately destructed and lost completely instead of being replaced.

ENVIRONMENTALISM