NOUN: person, place, thing, idea

common noun: begins with lower case letter (city)

proper noun: begins with capital letter (Detroit)

possessive noun: shows ownership (girl’s)

PRONOUN : takes the place of a noun

types of pronouns-

personal (1st person: pronouns having to do with “me”; 2nd pronouns having to do with “you”; 3rd person: person: pronouns having to do with everyone else)

singular nominative: I, you, he, she, it

plural nominative: we, you, they

singular objective: me, you, him, her, it

plural objective: us, you, them

singular possessive: my, your, his, her, its, mine, yours

plural possessive: our, your, their, ours, yours, theirs

reflexive pronouns- (reflect back to “self”) myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

NOT words: hisself, ourself, theirselves

relative pronouns- (start dependent clauses) that, which, who, whom, whose o interrogative (ask a question)

demonstrative (demonstrate which one) this, that, these, those

indefinite (don’t refer to a definite person or thing) each, either, neither, few, some, all, most, several, few, many, none, one, someone, on one, everyone, anyone, somebody, nobody, everybody, anybody, more, much, another, both, any, other, etc.

ADVERB modifies adjectives (really cute), verbs (extremely fast), and other adverbs (very easily) tells How? When? Where? To what extent? Not is always an adverb.

ADJECTIVE modifies nouns (I have a green pen.) and pronouns (They are happy.) tells Which one? How many? What kind?

articles: a, an, the

proper adjective: proper noun used as an adjective (American flag)

PREPOSITION : shows relationship between a noun or a pronoun and some other word in the sentence( across, after, against, around, at, before, below, between, by, during, except, for, from, in, of, off, on, over, since, through, to, under, until, with, according to, because of, instead of, etc. We went to school.) We went up the stairs.

CONJUNCTION: joins words, phrases, and clauses

types of conjunctions

coordinating conjunctions: FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

subordinating conjunctions : start dependent clauses (and, therefore, must be followed by subject and verb) after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when, whenever, as, even though, until, unless, as if, etc.

correlative: not only/but also, neither/nor, either/or, both/and

VERB: shows action or helps to make a statement types of verbs:

action verb: Shows action

state of being (linking) : shows the state of how someone or something is (links two words together) can be used as state of being: is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste

auxiliary (helping)-“helps” an action verb or linking verb

tenses

present tense- happening now (jump, talk, eat, falling, is falling, am falling)

past tense- happened previously (jumped, talked, ate, fell, was falling)

future tense- will happen in the future (will jump, shall talk, will be eating)

present perfect - have or has plus past participle (have jumped, has talked, have been eating has been falling) o

past perfect-had plus the past participle (had jumped, had talked, had been eating)

future perfect- will have or shall have plus past participle (will have jumped, shall have talked, will have been eating)

VERBAL-verb not behaving like a verb

gerund- verb acting like noun

participle-verb acting like an adjective

infinitive- to + verb. can act like a noun (I like to eat).