Untitled Flashcards Set

Difference between endocrine and nervous system control 

How hormones work: lipid-soluble vs. water-soluble hormones 

Role of hormone receptors in target cells 

Hypothalamus – controls the pituitary gland, regulates body functions 

Pituitary gland – “master gland,” secretes multiple hormones 

Thyroid gland – regulates metabolism, requires iodine 

Parathyroid glands – regulates calcium levels in blood 

Adrenal glands – secretes epinephrine/norepinephrine (fight-or-flight) 

Pancreas – regulates blood sugar (insulin & glucagon) 

Pineal gland – regulates sleep-wake cycles (melatonin) 

Thymus – important for immune system development 

Ovaries & Testes – reproductive hormones 

Growth hormone (GH) – stimulates growth in bones & muscles 

Thyroxine (T4) – regulates metabolism 

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) – increases blood calcium 

Calcitonin – decreases blood calcium 

Insulin – lowers blood sugar 

Glucagon – raises blood sugar 

Epinephrine & norepinephrine – fight-or-flight response 

Oxytocin – childbirth contractions & bonding 

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – regulates water balance 

Luteinizing hormone (LH) – stimulates sex hormone release 

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – stimulates egg/sperm production 

Prolactin – promotes milk production 

Melatonin – controls sleep cycles 

Negative feedback – maintains homeostasis (e.g., insulin regulating blood sugar) 

Positive feedback – amplifies response (e.g., oxytocin during labor) 

Role of insulin and glucagon 

Function of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas 

Hyperthyroidism – symptoms and effects 

Type 2 diabetes – causes and effects on the body 

Goiter – caused by iodine deficiency