PSYCH 5

Learning - acquiring behaviors through learning

Behaviorism - emphasize learning in determining behavior

Associative learning - certain events occur together 

Classical conditioning - involuntary behavior elicited by previous 

Ivan Pavlov - psychologist who developed classical conditioning

Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning) - reward and punishment

Social learning theory - learning through watching

Cognitive learning theory - latent learning

Classical conditioning - involuntary behavior elicited by previous 

 Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - food, yummy, bang, loud

Natural reflective response - something we feel naturally

 Neutral stimulus - generates no reflexive response (light)

Conditioned stimulus (CS) - Neutral stimulus paired w UCS

 Unconditioned response (UCR) - reflective action (drool) due to UCS

Conditioned response (CR) - was once the UCR

Acquisition phase - association between neutral stimulus and UCS

Timing - NS comes before UCS

Higher order conditioning - adding a second NS to trigger CR

 Extinction - diminishing of CR when CS leaves

 Spontaneous recovery - reappearance of CR

Generalization - similar stimuli elicit a similar response

Baby Albert experiment - baby, fear, white rat

Discrimination - distinguish similar stimuli

 Counterconditioning - fear being eliminated 

 Habituation -  throwing toy at Zoe repeatedly

Biological preparedness - knowing some associations is biological

 One trial learning association (CR) - one trial

 Taste aversion - Emily Shamrock shake

Operant conditioning - learning through consequence

Reinforcement - increases desired behavior

Punishment - decreased undesired behavior

E.L Thorndike - Created law of effect

Law of effect - Favorable consequence/reinforcement = repetition

 B.F. Skinner - experiments extended law of effect

Operant chamber/skinner box - rat presses lever for treat

Shaping - reinforcements guide to target behavior

Successive approximations - steps to goal behavior

Discriminative stimulus - stimulus behavior is conditioned to

Primary reinforcements - naturally occurring behavior, food

Conditional/secondary reinforcement - learned behavior, money buys food

Positive reinforcement - add something pleasant 

Negative reinforcement - remove something aversive 

Continuous - scheduled

Partial - sometimes

Ratio schedule - number of times

Interval - after a time 

Fixed - predictable 

Variable - Not predictable

Fixed ratio schedule - rewards card

Variable ratio schedule - gambling

Fixed interval schedule - quiz every Friday

Variable interval schedule - hearing from college

Superstitious behavior - repeating behaviors with no relationship

 Positive punishment - adding something unpleasant

 Negative punishment - removing something desirable

Learned helplessness - uncontrollable behavior

Biological considerations - basing training off natural behavior

Instinctive drift - lion attacking trainer

Social Learning theory - watching others

Albert Bandura - Bobo doll experiment 

Vivacious conditioning - change of behavior watching others

Response consequences - reinforcement/punishment influences repetition

Similarity model - more alike, mirrors

Mirror neurons - fire when watching someone else

Prosocial effect - positive helpful behaviors, blues clues

Antisocial behaviors - negative, harmful behaviors

Cognitive learning - sudden solutions, aha

Latent learning - without immediate reinforcement

Cognitive maps - mental layout