Introduction to Cultural Studies

Module Learning Outcomes

  • Define culture.
  • Determine the 5 elements of culture.
  • Identify the different types of culture.

What is Culture?

  • Origin: Latin word "cultura" meaning to inhabit or to worship.
  • Evolved meanings: From literature and art appreciation to scientific contexts (e.g., bacteria colonies).
  • Definition (Edward B. Tylor): "A complex whole including knowledge, beliefs, art, law, morals, customs, and habits acquired by individuals in a society."

Elements of Culture

  1. Symbols: Representations or signs (e.g., flags) that facilitate communication.
  2. Language: Unique to humans; approximately 7000 languages today. Influences perceptions (e.g., Sapir-Whorf hypothesis).
  3. Norms: Standards of behavior, categorized as informal (unwritten) or formal (written laws).
  4. Rituals: Ceremonies marking life transitions (e.g., weddings, graduations).
  5. Artifacts: Physical manifestations of culture (e.g., technologies, clothing).

Types of Culture

  • Dominant Culture: The main, accepted culture within a society.
  • Sub-Culture: Smaller groups within the larger culture with distinct beliefs (e.g., punk rock).
  • Folk Culture: Local, community-based culture rooted in everyday life.
  • High Culture: Associated with elite groups; includes prestigious art and heritage.
  • Mass Culture: Popular, mass-produced culture often lacking depth.
  • Global Culture: Increasing similarities in cultures due to globalization.

Moral Relativism

  • Philosophical theory stating morality varies across cultures; no absolute values exist.

What is Identity?

  • Definition: How individuals/groups perceive themselves and others.
  • Formed through socialization involving family, education, media.
  • Influences relationships and community belonging.

Types of Identities

  1. Individual Identity: Personal self-definition.
  2. Social Identity: Defined by group membership (e.g., ethnicity, religion).
  3. Collective Identity: Shared by a group, involves personal choice.
  4. Multiple Identities: Individuals may hold various identities simultaneously.

Stigmatized or Spoiled Identities

  • Definition: Identities that are viewed negatively by societal standards (e.g., disabilities).
  • Consequences: Individuals face prejudice and social exclusion.