Introduction to Cultural Studies

Module Learning Outcomes

• Define culture.
• Determine the 5 elements of culture.
• Identify the different types of culture.

What is Culture?

• Origin: Latin word "cultura" meaning to inhabit or to worship.
• Evolved meanings: From literature and art appreciation to scientific contexts (e.g., bacteria colonies).
• Definition (Edward B. Tylor): "A complex whole including knowledge, beliefs, art, law, morals, customs, and habits acquired by individuals in a society."

Elements of Culture

1. Symbols: Representations or signs (e.g., flags) that facilitate communication.
2. Language: Unique to humans; approximately 7000 languages today. Influences perceptions (e.g., Sapir-Whorf hypothesis).
3. Norms: Standards of behavior, categorized as informal (unwritten) or formal (written laws).
4. Rituals: Ceremonies marking life transitions (e.g., weddings, graduations).
5. Artifacts: Physical manifestations of culture (e.g., technologies, clothing).

Types of Culture

• Dominant Culture: The main, accepted culture within a society.
• Sub-Culture: Smaller groups within the larger culture with distinct beliefs (e.g., punk rock).
• Folk Culture: Local, community-based culture rooted in everyday life.
• High Culture: Associated with elite groups; includes prestigious art and heritage.
• Mass Culture: Popular, mass-produced culture often lacking depth.
• Global Culture: Increasing similarities in cultures due to globalization.

Moral Relativism

• Philosophical theory stating morality varies across cultures; no absolute values exist.

What is Identity?

• Definition: How individuals/groups perceive themselves and others.
• Formed through socialization involving family, education, media.
• Influences relationships and community belonging.

Types of Identities

1. Individual Identity: Personal self-definition.
2. Social Identity: Defined by group membership (e.g., ethnicity, religion).
3. Collective Identity: Shared by a group, involves personal choice.
4. Multiple Identities: Individuals may hold various identities simultaneously.

Stigmatized or Spoiled Identities

• Definition: Identities that are viewed negatively by societal standards (e.g., disabilities).
• Consequences: Individuals face prejudice and social exclusion.