Untitled Flashcards Set

Henry Cabot Lodge: A U.S. senator from Massachusetts and a key leader in the opposition to the U.S. joining the League of Nations after World War I.

Self-determination: The principle that nations and peoples have the right to choose their own government and control their own political status, widely promoted by President Woodrow Wilson after World War I.

Reparations: Payments made by a defeated nation to the victors after a war, intended to compensate for the damage and losses caused during the conflict. Germany was required to pay reparations after World War I under the Treaty of Versailles.

Mobilization: The process of preparing and organizing military forces for war, including the assembly of troops, weapons, and resources.

Liberty Bonds: War bonds sold to the American public during World War I to help finance military expenses. They were marketed as a patriotic way for citizens to support the war effort.

Spanish Flu: A deadly influenza pandemic that spread globally in 1918-1919, killing millions of people worldwide, including a significant number of Americans.

Schenck v United States: A 1919 Supreme Court case that upheld the conviction of a man who distributed anti-draft pamphlets during World War I, ruling that speech could be limited if it posed a "clear and present danger" to national security.

Selective Service Act: A 1917 U.S. law that authorized the draft of men into military service during World War I.

The Red Scare (1st): A period of intense fear of communism and radical leftist ideologies in the United States after World War I, leading to widespread suspicion and the suppression of labor movements and radical groups.

Palmer Raids: A series of raids conducted by the U.S. government in 1919 and 1920 aimed at arresting and deporting suspected radical leftists, anarchists, and communists.

Nativism: A political and social policy favoring the interests and culture of native-born citizens over those of immigrants, often associated with anti-immigrant sentiments.

Sacco & Vanzetti: Two Italian immigrants and anarchists who were controversially convicted of murder in 1921, despite a lack of solid evidence, leading to widespread protests and a debate about their trial and execution.

The Great Migration: The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West between 1916 and 1970, seeking better economic opportunities and escaping racial discrimination.

Fundamentalism: A religious movement that emphasizes the literal interpretation of religious texts, particularly the Bible. In the 1920s, it was associated with opposition to modernism and the teaching of evolution in schools.

Traditionalism: The belief in maintaining traditional values and practices, often in opposition to modernity and rapid social changes.

Henry Ford: An American industrialist and founder of the Ford Motor Company, known for revolutionizing the automobile industry and developing the assembly line process.

Assembly Line Process: A manufacturing method pioneered by Henry Ford that allowed for mass production of goods, particularly automobiles, by having workers perform a single, repetitive task in a production line.

Art Deco: An influential design style that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, characterized by bold geometric shapes, rich colors, and the use of modern materials such as aluminum and stainless steel.

Charles Lindbergh: An American aviator who became famous for making the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight in 1927, from New York to Paris.

Modernism: A cultural movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that embraced new ideas in art, literature, architecture, and social theory, rejecting traditional forms and embracing innovation and experimentation.

Scopes Trial: A 1925 trial in Tennessee in which high school teacher John Scopes was accused of violating state law by teaching evolution, highlighting the conflict between modern scientific ideas and traditional religious beliefs.

“Scarface” Al Capone: A notorious American gangster who dominated organized crime in Chicago during the Prohibition era and was known for his involvement in illegal alcohol distribution, gambling, and violence.

Margaret Sanger: An American birth control activist and founder of the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. She advocated for women's reproductive rights and access to contraceptives.

Harlem Renaissance: A cultural, artistic, and intellectual movement that emerged in the 1920s in Harlem, New York, showcasing African American literature, music, art, and social thought, with figures like Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Duke Ellington.

“Jazz Age”: A term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald to describe the period of the 1920s, characterized by the popularity of jazz music, flapper culture, and a spirit of social and cultural experimentation.

Marcus Garvey: A Jamaican political leader and activist who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and promoted Black nationalism, pan-Africanism, and the idea of a "Back to Africa" movement.

Warren G. Harding: The 29th President of the United States (1921-1923), known for his "Return to Normalcy" campaign after World War I and for his administration's involvement in scandals such as the Teapot Dome affair.

“Return to Normalcy”: A campaign slogan used by Warren G. Harding in the 1920 election, emphasizing a desire to return to pre-war stability and avoid further involvement in international conflicts.

Teapot Dome: A 1920s scandal involving the secret leasing of U.S. Navy oil reserves in Wyoming to private companies, during the administration of President Harding, leading to corruption charges against officials.

Calvin Coolidge: The 30th President of the United States (1923-1929), known for his pro-business policies, limited government intervention, and laissez-faire economic approach.

Herbert Hoover: The 31st President of the United States (1929-1933), whose presidency was marked by the onset of the Great Depression, during which his responses were criticized as ineffective in alleviating the economic crisis.

Alfred E. Smith: The Governor of New York and the first Roman Catholic candidate for president, running for the Democratic Party in 1928 but losing to Herbert Hoover.

Great Depression: A severe worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 with the stock market crash and lasted throughout the 1930s, leading to widespread unemployment, poverty, and economic instability.

Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929, the day the U.S. stock market crashed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression.

Federal Reserve: The central banking system of the United States, responsible for regulating the nation's monetary policy, controlling inflation, and stabilizing the economy.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff: A 1930 law that raised tariffs on imported goods, intended to protect American businesses but contributing to a global trade war and worsening the Great Depression.

Bonus Army/Bonus March: A group of World War I veterans who marched to Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand early payment of a bonus promised to them, but were forcibly removed by the U.S. Army under orders from President Hoover.

RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation): A government agency created in 1932 by Herbert Hoover to provide financial support to banks, industries, and local governments during the Great Depression.

19th Amendment: The 1920 amendment to the U.S. Constitution that granted women the right to vote.

Franklin D. Roosevelt: The 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), who led the country through the Great Depression and World War II and implemented the New Deal programs.

21st Amendment: The 1933 amendment to the U.S. Constitution that repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition and allowing the legal sale of alcohol.

Three Rs: The core principles of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal: Relief (immediate aid to those suffering from the Depression), Recovery (economic programs to rebuild the economy), and Reform (measures to prevent future depressions).

First New Deal: A series of programs and policies enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s to address the economic challenges of the Great Depression, focusing on relief, recovery, and reform.

Fireside Chats: A series of radio broadcasts by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression, in which he communicated directly with the American people to explain his policies and provide reassurance.

New Deal Programs: Key programs in Roosevelt’s New Deal, including:

FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation): A U.S. government agency that insures deposits in banks, protecting depositors in case of bank failure.

Social Security Act: A 1935 law that created a system of retirement pensions, unemployment insurance, and welfare benefits for the elderly, disabled, and unemployed.

Eleanor Roosevelt: The wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt and a prominent social reformer and human rights activist, advocating for civil rights, women's rights, and the New Deal programs.