Concepts: Mental categories used to group objects, events, or ideas that share similar characteristics.

Prototypes: The most typical or ideal examples of a concept, serving as a mental reference point.

Schemas: Cognitive frameworks that help organize and interpret information; includes assimilation (integrating new information into existing schemas) and accommodation (modifying schemas to fit new information).

Algorithms: Step-by-step procedures or formulas for solving problems, guaranteeing a correct solution if followed correctly.

Heuristics: Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision-making but do not guarantee a solution.

Representativeness heuristic: A cognitive bias used when making judgments about the probability of an event based on how closely it resembles a particular prototype.

Availability heuristic: A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision.

Mental set: A tendency to approach problems in a particular way, often based on past experience, which may hinder problem-solving.

Functional fixedness/fixation: A cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used.

Priming: The process by which exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, often without conscious guidance.

Framing: The way information is presented or structured, which can significantly influence decision-making and judgement.

Gambler’s fallacy: The belief that future probabilities are altered by past events, often seen in games of chance.

Sunk-cost fallacy: The tendency to continue an endeavor once an investment in money, effort, or time has been made, despite new evidence suggesting it may be unwise to continue.

Executive functions: High-level cognitive processes that include planning, attention, problem-solving, and regulating emotions.

Creativity: The ability to produce new and original ideas or works.

Convergent thinking: A type of thinking that focuses on finding a single best solution to a problem.

Divergent thinking: A type of thinking that generates multiple possible answers to a question or problem.

Confirmation bias: The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one’s pre-existing beliefs or hypotheses.

Belief perseverance: The tendency to hold on to beliefs even in the face of contrary evidence.

Left hemisphere: The side of the brain that is typically associated with language, analytical thinking, and logical reasoning.

Broca’s area: A region in the left hemisphere of the brain, associated primarily with speech production and language processing.

Wernicke’s area: A relevant area of the brain involved in the comprehension of speech and the production of meaningful sentences.

Aphasia: A condition that impairs a person's ability to process language, affecting both speech and comprehension.

Phonemes: The smallest units of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from another.

Morphemes: The smallest grammatical units in a language; can be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix or suffix).

Semantics: The study of meaning in language; how words and sentences convey meaning.

Grammar: The set of rules that govern how words are combined to form sentences.

Syntax: The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Universal language stages: Stages of language development common to all languages, including:

• Cooing: Early vocalization, producing soft vowel sounds, typically occurring at 6-8 weeks.

• Babbling: The repetitive consonant-vowel combinations produced by infants around 4-6 months.

• One-word speech: The use of single words to convey complex meanings, often seen in children around 12 months.

• Telegraphic speech: Two-word combinations that convey simple meanings, usually occurring around 24 months.

Overgeneralization of language rules: The tendency of children to incorrectly apply grammatical rules to irregular cases, such as saying "goed" instead of "went."