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Chapter 22:Petroleum and fuels
Fuels
A
fuel i
s a substance which when burned, releases heat energy which can be transferred into electricity, which we use in our daily lives.
Fossil fuels include coal, natural gas and hydrocarbons such as methane and propane.
Petroleum
Petroleum
is also called
crude oi
l and is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons which also contains natural gas.
It is a thick, sticky, black liquid that is found under porous rock.
The fractions in petroleum are separated from each other in a process called
fractional distillation.
Fractional distillation of Petroleum
Fractional distillation is carried out in a fractionating column.
The fractionating column is hot at the bottom and cools at the top.
Crude oil enters the fractionating column and is heated so vapours rise.
Vapours of hydrocarbons with very high boiling points will immediately turn into liquid and are tapped off at the bottom of the column,
Vapours of hydrocarbons with low boiling points will rise up the column and condense at the top to be tapped off.
Properties of fraction
[ ] Viscocity
[ ] Melting and boiling points
[ ] Colour
[ ] Volatility
Products and uses
Refinery gas: heating and cooking
Gasoline: fuel for cars (petrol)
Naphtha: raw product for producing chemicals
Kerosene: for making jet fuel (paraffin)
Diesel: fuel for diesel engines (gas oil)
Fuel oil: fuel for ships and for home heating
Lubricating oil: for lubricants, polishes, waxes
Bitumen: for surfacing roads
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