Untitled Flashcards Set

Erich Fromm

• Definition: A German social psychologist and philosopher known for his humanistic theory, emphasizing the importance of love, freedom, and the search for meaning. Fromm believed that human beings are prone to existential crises and seek purpose through relationships, creativity, and productive work.

Rollo May

• Definition: An existential psychologist who emphasized the importance of human choice and responsibility. May believed that anxiety and dread are inherent parts of the human condition and that true growth arises from confronting and accepting these emotions.

Victor Frankl

• Definition: An Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist, known for developing logotherapy, a form of existential analysis. Frankl believed that the search for meaning is the primary motivation in life, and that even in suffering, humans can find meaning, as he experienced in Nazi concentration camps.

Abraham Maslow

• Definition: An American psychologist best known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which ranks human needs from basic physiological needs to self-actualization. He emphasized the importance of fulfilling lower needs before higher ones can be addressed.

Carl Rogers

• Definition: A humanistic psychologist who developed Rogerian Therapy (client-centered therapy). He emphasized the importance of the therapeutic relationship, unconditional positive regard, and empathy in fostering personal growth.

Existentialism

• Definition: A philosophical movement that focuses on individual freedom, choice, and the search for meaning. Existentialism often addresses themes of alienation, anxiety, and death, stressing personal responsibility and authenticity.

I-Thou Dialogue

• Definition: A concept developed by Martin Buber, referring to a genuine, open, and reciprocal relationship between individuals. It contrasts with the I-It relationship, which is more impersonal and objectifying.

I-It Monologue

• Definition: In contrast to I-Thou dialogue, the I-It monologue involves relating to others as objects or tools, without authentic connection or mutual understanding.

Being-in-the-world

• Definition: A term from existential philosophy, especially used by Heidegger, referring to the human condition of being actively engaged in the world, with an awareness of our existence and the context in which we live.

Positivism

• Definition: A philosophical theory that asserts that knowledge is only valid if it is observable and scientifically measurable. It emphasizes empirical data and objective truth.

Phenomenological

• Definition: A philosophical approach that focuses on the lived experience of individuals, aiming to describe phenomena as they appear to consciousness without preconceived theories or concepts.

Humanism

• Definition: A psychological perspective that emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, the importance of self-actualization, and the value of human experience. Humanism stresses personal growth, free will, and self-determination.

Human Potential Movement

• Definition: A psychological and cultural movement that emerged in the 1960s, focused on exploring and realizing human potential. It promotes self-actualization, personal growth, and creativity.

Dialectical Tension

• Definition: The idea that people experience conflicting desires or motivations in their lives. For example, a person may desire both independence and connection, creating internal tension between these opposing needs.

Dialectical Humanism

• Definition: A synthesis of existential and humanistic philosophies, focusing on the interconnection between individuals and their social and historical contexts, as well as the inherent contradictions within human experience.

Existential Alienation

• Definition: The sense of isolation and disconnection that individuals may feel in the face of the vastness and meaninglessness of the universe, a common theme in existential philosophy.

Rogerian Therapy

• Definition: A therapeutic approach developed by Carl Rogers, which emphasizes creating a non-judgmental, empathetic environment that fosters self-exploration and personal growth. The therapist provides unconditional positive regard to help the client reach self-actualization.

Logotherapy

• Definition: A type of existential psychotherapy developed by Viktor Frankl, focusing on helping individuals find meaning in their lives, especially through suffering, work, and relationships.

Self-Actualization

• Definition: The realization or fulfillment of one's talents, potential, and creativity. It is the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, representing personal growth and the achievement of one's fullest potential.

Peak Experience

• Definition: A moment of intense joy, creativity, and fulfillment, often associated with self-actualization. Maslow described these experiences as profound moments of clarity and transcendence.

Deficiency Need (D-Needs)

• Definition: Needs related to survival and well-being (e.g., physiological needs, safety, love, esteem) that, when unmet, create tension or discomfort. They are foundational in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Being Level (B-motives)

• Definition: The higher-level needs in Maslow's hierarchy, including self-actualization and peak experiences, where fulfillment leads to personal growth and a deeper sense of meaning.

Positive Psychology

• Definition: A psychological approach that focuses on the study and promotion of positive aspects of human functioning, such as happiness, well-being, resilience, and strengths.

American Paradox

• Definition: The contrast between the high levels of material success in the United States and the relatively low levels of happiness and well-being among its citizens, as explored in positive psychology.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Definition: A model in which basic needs (like food, safety, and love) must be met before higher, more complex needs (like self-actualization and creativity) can be addressed. It demonstrates the progression from physiological to self-fulfillment needs.

Rogerian Therapy Three Tenets

• Definition: 1. Unconditional Positive Regard - accepting the client without judgment.

2. Empathy - understanding the client’s feelings and experiences.

3. Congruence - genuineness and transparency in the therapist-client relationship.

Harry Stack Sullivan

• Definition: A psychiatrist who focused on the role of interpersonal relationships in the development of personality. He believed that personality is shaped by social interactions, particularly in early childhood.

Henry Murray

• Definition: A psychologist known for developing the Personological System, which examines how personal needs and environmental factors interact to influence behavior.

Walter Mischel

• Definition: A psychologist best known for his work on the delay of gratification and the person-situation debate, which questioned whether personality traits are stable across different situations.

Konrad Lorenz

• Definition: A biologist and ethologist known for his work on imprinting and the study of animal behavior, which had implications for understanding human behavior and development.

Chumship

• Definition: The concept of close friendship and companionship, especially in childhood and adolescence, where social bonds form and are key to personality development.

Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry

• Definition: Developed by Harry Stack Sullivan, this theory suggests that personality development and psychiatric disorders arise from interpersonal relationships and social experiences.

Social Self

• Definition: The part of an individual’s identity that is shaped by social interactions and relationships with others.

Illusion of Individuality

• Definition: The belief that an individual’s personality is unique and independent, despite being shaped by a complex set of social and environmental influences.

Personological System

• Definition: Henry Murray's model that focuses on the complex interplay between an individual’s needs, motives, and environmental influences.

Environmental Press

• Definition: The external forces or demands placed on an individual by their environment, which can influence behavior and personality development.

Thema

• Definition: A term from Murray’s theory, referring to an individual's unique combination of needs and environmental pressures that influences their behavior.

Delay of Gratification

• Definition: The ability to resist immediate rewards in favor of larger, long-term rewards. Walter Mischel’s famous marshmallow test explored this concept.

Strategies

• Definition: Plans or methods used by individuals to achieve goals or cope with challenges.

Competencies

• Definition: Skills and abilities that individuals develop over time, which allow them to handle various situations effectively.

Encoding Strategies

• Definition: Methods individuals use to encode and interpret information in social contexts, such as recognizing cues or categorizing experiences.

Expectancies

• Definition: Beliefs about what outcomes are likely based on past experiences or the current situation, influencing behavior.

Plans

• Definition: Structured intentions or actions designed to achieve specific goals or outcomes.

Behavioral Signature

• Definition: The unique pattern of behavior that emerges from an individual's personality in response to various situations over time.

Attribution Theories

• Definition: Theories that explore how people explain the causes of their own and others' behavior, often attributing them to internal or external factors.

Mirror Neurons

• Definition: Neurons that fire both when an individual performs an action and when they observe the same action performed by others. These play a role in empathy and learning.

Ego-Resilient

• Definition: The ability to adapt to challenges and adversity while maintaining psychological stability and well-being.

Cumulative Continuity

• Definition: The concept that personality traits become more stable and consistent over time as individuals grow older and experience more life events.

Readiness

• Definition: A state of being prepared to respond to a specific situation or challenge.

Critical Period

• Definition: A window of time in development during which certain experiences or environmental influences are necessary for proper growth and development.

Imprinting

• Definition: A rapid form of learning in early life, where animals (including humans) form attachments to the first moving object they encounter, typically their caregiver.

Mischel’s Critique of Personality

• Definition: Walter Mischel argued that personality traits are not stable across all situations, and that behavior is influenced more by situational factors than by enduring traits.

Implicit Personality Theory

• Definition: The idea that people tend to make assumptions about others' personalities based on limited information, often using stereotypes.

Low vs. High Self-Monitoring

• Definition:

  • Low Self-Monitoring: Individuals who act consistently across situations, relying on internal dispositions.

  • High Self-Monitoring: Individuals who adjust their behavior to fit social situations and cues.

Powerful Situation

• Definition: A situation that has a strong influence on behavior, often overriding an individual's personality traits. For example, a crisis situation may lead someone to act out of character.

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Egoistic Dominance

• Definition: A personality trait where an individual prioritizes their own needs, desires, and control over others, often at the expense of social harmony and relationships.

Sex

• Definition: The biological attributes that differentiate males and females, typically based on reproductive organs, chromosomes, and hormones.

Gender

• Definition: The socially and culturally constructed roles, behaviors, and identities that a society considers appropriate for individuals based on their perceived sex.

Masculinity

• Definition: A set of attributes, behaviors, and roles traditionally associated with men and boys, such as strength, assertiveness, and dominance, although these traits can vary by culture.

Femininity

• Definition: A set of attributes, behaviors, and roles traditionally associated with women and girls, such as nurturing, gentleness, and empathy, though these traits can vary culturally.

Male-Female Differences

• Definition: Research has shown some reliable psychological differences between males and females. Males often display higher levels of aggression, while females tend to show more nurturing behaviors. However, the bottom line is that the majority of differences are small and culture plays a significant role in shaping these behaviors.

Psychosomatic Medicine

• Definition: A field of medicine that examines the interaction between psychological factors and physical health, particularly how mental states can influence bodily diseases.

Diathesis-Stress Model

• Definition: A psychological model that explains the development of mental health disorders as the result of an interaction between genetic predispositions (diathesis) and environmental stressors.

Diathesis

• Definition: A biological or genetic predisposition to a particular mental health disorder or illness.

Terman Life-Cycle Study

• Definition: A long-term study led by Lewis Terman, which tracked the development and health outcomes of gifted children over their lifetimes. It revealed important insights into the role of personality traits and early-life experiences in predicting longevity and well-being.

Self-Healing Personalities

• Definition: Personalities that are resilient to stress and capable of recovering from setbacks, often showing optimism and coping skills. These individuals thrive in environments that offer challenge and meaning but struggle in stagnant or overly stressful conditions.

Salutogenesis

• Definition: A concept in health psychology developed by Aaron Antonovsky, focusing on the factors that promote health and well-being, rather than the causes of disease. It emphasizes finding meaning in life and having a sense of coherence.

Coherence

• Definition: In Antonovsky’s theory, it refers to a sense of understanding, predictability, and meaning in life, which helps individuals cope with stress and promotes better health outcomes.

Murray’s Personological System

• Definition: A theory that emphasizes the importance of understanding the person as a whole, including their needs, motivations, and the environmental pressures they face. It incorporates a detailed framework for analyzing personality.

Cultural Effects

• Definition: The influence of cultural beliefs, practices, and values on individuals' behavior, personality, and identity. These effects can shape how people perceive themselves and others, and how they navigate social and emotional experiences.

Etic

• Definition: An outsider’s perspective on a culture, often focusing on universal aspects that can be generalized across cultures. It contrasts with the emic perspective, which is an insider’s view.

Emic

• Definition: An insider's perspective on a culture, focusing on the unique features and understandings specific to that cultural context, as opposed to universal generalizations.

Ethnocentrism

• Definition: The belief that one’s own culture is superior to others, leading to the judgment of other cultures based on the values and standards of one's own culture.

Collectivist Cultures

• Definition: Cultures that emphasize the importance of group goals, interdependence, and social harmony over individual desires. Examples include many Asian and Latin American cultures.

Individualistic Cultures

• Definition: Cultures that prioritize individual rights, independence, and personal achievement over group harmony. Many Western cultures, like those in the U.S. and Europe, tend to be individualistic.

Race

• Definition: A social construct used to categorize people based on physical characteristics such as skin color and facial features. It has no biological basis but has significant social implications.

Ethnic Group

• Definition: A group of people who share common cultural traits, such as language, religion, customs, and heritage. Unlike race, ethnicity is not defined by physical appearance but by shared cultural history.

The American Dilemma

• Definition: The tension between the democratic ideals of equality and liberty in the United States and the historical reality of racism and inequality, particularly in relation to African Americans.

SES Gradient

• Definition: The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health outcomes. People with higher SES generally have better health and longer life expectancy compared to those with lower SES.

SES Status

• Definition: An individual's social and economic position, often determined by income, education, occupation, and other factors, which can significantly influence personality, behavior, and life outcomes.

Idiolect

• Definition: An individual's unique way of speaking, which includes vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that distinguish one person’s speech from others.

Dialect

• Definition: A form of language spoken by a specific group of people, often defined by regional, social, or cultural factors. Dialects can differ in vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar.

Linguistic Relativity

• Definition: The hypothesis that language influences thought and perception. People’s understanding of the world is shaped by the language they use, which can affect how they categorize and interpret experiences.

Stereotype Threat

• Definition: The anxiety or fear that individuals may confirm negative stereotypes about their social group, which can negatively impact their performance and behavior in certain situations.

Cultural Imperialism

• Definition: The imposition of one culture's beliefs, values, and practices on another, often through media, politics, and economic influence. It can lead to the erosion of local cultures and traditions.

Purpose of Studying Culture in Personality Psychology

• Definition: Understanding how culture shapes personality helps explain differences in behavior and psychological functioning across different societies. It highlights the role of social, cultural, and environmental factors in personality development.

Role of Culture, Ethnicity, and Religion in Personality

• Definition: Culture, ethnicity, and religion play a significant role in shaping an individual’s values, beliefs, and behaviors. They influence identity, interpersonal relationships, and how individuals perceive the world and their place in it.

Language and Gender

• Definition: Language can shape how individuals think and perceive the world, including their gender roles. The ways in which men and women are portrayed in language can reinforce societal expectations and influence self-concept and behavior.

Eight Perspectives in Personality Psychology

• Definition: The eight perspectives commonly studied in personality psychology are:

  1. Trait Perspective

  2. Biological Perspective

  3. Psychodynamic Perspective

  4. Cognitive Perspective

  5. Humanistic Perspective

  6. Behavioral Perspective

  7. Social-Cognitive Perspective

  8. Existential Perspective

Definition of Personality Psychology

• Definition: Personality psychology is the study of individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. It seeks to answer questions about how and why people differ in their personality traits, motivations, and behaviors.
  Ethnocentrism
  Collectivist Cultures
  Individualistic Cultures
  Race
  Ethnic Group
  The American Dilemma
  SES Gradient
  SES Status
  Idiolect
  Dialect
  Linguistic Relativity
  Stereotype Threat
  Cultural Imperialism
  What is the usefulness/purpose of studying culture in a personality psychology class?
  What role to culture, ethnicity, and religion play in shaping our personalities?
  Not an essay question, but know a bit about how language can shape us and how
  gender and language can impact how we view things.
  Chapter 14: Love and Hate
  Nothing, we will skip this chapter.
  Chapter 15: Where Will We Find Personality?
  Know the eight perspectives that we studied this semester. (be able to list these)
  Have a working definition of what personality psychology is and what types of questions
  it tries to answer.