Exam 2 Study Guide: Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span

Exam 2 Study Guide: Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span (10th Edition) – Edelman & Kudzma

Chapter 19 – The Preschooler (Ages 3–6 years)

Growth Patterns:
- Growth slows to approximately 4–5 lbs/year.
- Height increases by about 2.5–3 inches/year.
- Body profile becomes slender, indicating a transition from toddler to preschooler.
Gross Motor Skills Development:
- Age 3: Able to ride a tricycle.
- Age 5: Can jump rope.
- Age 6: Can ride a bicycle.
Fine Motor Skills Development:
- Age 3: Can build a tower with blocks.
- Age 5: Able to print letters.
Cognitive Development (Piaget):
- Stage: Preoperational
- Key characteristics:
  - Egocentrism: Inability to see a situation from another's perspective.
  - Animism: Belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions.
  - Centration: Focusing on one aspect of a situation while neglecting others.
  - Magical Thinking: Thoughts and actions can influence the world around them; beliefs in magic.
Psychosocial Development (Erikson):
- Stage: Initiative vs Guilt
- Develops a sense of purpose and initiative as they explore and interact with their environment.
- May develop feelings of guilt if overly controlled or restricted in their initiatives.
Common Fears:
- Fear of darkness, monsters, and abandonment are typical for this age group.
Play Characteristics:
- Type: Associative play and dramatic play, allowing children to reenact experiences and freely interact with peers.
Language Development:
- Vocabulary expands from approximately 900 words to about 2,100 words between ages 3 to 6.
- Significant growth in both expressive and receptive language skills.
Nutritional Needs:
- Recommended dietary intake of approximately 90 kcal/kg/day.
- Preschoolers are often picky eaters, requiring encouragement for balanced nutrition.
- Importance of fluoride for preventative dental health.
Sleep Requirements:
- Average of 10–12 hours of sleep needed; bedtime resistance is common at this age.
Screening:
- Regular autism screening and developmental surveillance are crucial at this stage.
Health Promotion Activities:
- Focus on safety precautions, dental care, and maintaining up-to-date immunizations.

Chapter 20 – The School-Age Child (Ages 6–12 years)

Growth Patterns:
- Height growth of 2–3 inches/year.
- Weight increase of 4–6 lbs/year.
- Notable improvement in coordination and physical abilities.
Cognitive Development (Piaget):
- Stage: Concrete Operations
- Key characteristics:
  - Conservation: Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or arrangement.
  - Classification: Ability to group objects based on shared characteristics.
  - Reversibility: Understanding that objects can be changed and returned to their original form.
Psychosocial Development (Erikson):
- Stage: Industry vs Inferiority
- Success at tasks builds competence and confidence, whereas failure may result in feelings of inferiority.
Play Characteristics:
- Type: Cooperative play involving rule-based games and peer interaction, promoting teamwork.
Nutritional Needs:
- Importance of a balanced diet; children in this age group are at risk for obesity influenced by fast food options.
Common Health Issues:
- Conditions such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Enuresis (bedwetting), Encopresis (involuntary fecal soiling), and Somatization (physical manifestation of emotional distress).
Sleep Requirements:
- Average sleep of 9–12 hours per night; may experience some sleep disturbances.
Developmental Milestones:
- Continued development of fine and gross motor skills during the ages of 6–12.
Parental Role:
- Encourage children's industry and successes while minimizing instances of criticism.

Chapter 21 – The Adolescent (Ages 12–18 years)

Puberty:
- Secondary sexual characteristics emerge, along with a growth spurt (girls ages 10–14, boys ages 12–16).
Cognitive Development (Piaget):
- Stage: Formal Operations
- Development of abstract and logical thought.
Psychosocial Development (Erikson):
- Stage: Identity vs Role Confusion
- Focus on developing a personal identity; a failure to achieve this can result in confusion about oneself and one's role in society.
Egocentrism:
- Characteristics of egocentrism in adolescence:
- Imaginary Audience: Belief that they are on stage and everyone is watching.
- Personal Fable: Feeling that one’s experiences are unique and not understood by others.
Sleep Requirements:
- Average of 8–10 hours of sleep required; disturbances during this phase are common.
Risk Behaviors:
- Adolescents often engage in risk-taking behaviors fueled by a sense of invincibility.
Mental Health:
- Increased risk for depression; noted as the second leading cause of death in this age group.
Nutrition and Body Image:
- Onset of eating disorders such as Anorexia, Bulimia, and Binge-Eating Disorder.
Acne Management:
- Hormonal changes during puberty influence acne development, impacting body image.
Reproductive Health:
- Importance of understanding risks associated with pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Parental Role:
- Effectively balancing adolescents' need for independence while providing ongoing support.

Exam Tip Summary

Erikson's Stages:
- Preschool: Initiative vs Guilt
- School-Age: Industry vs Inferiority
- Adolescent: Identity vs Role Confusion
Piaget's Stages:
- Preschool: Preoperational
- School-Age: Concrete Operational
- Adolescent: Formal Operational
Sleeping Requirements:
- Preschool: 10–12 hours
- School-Age: 9–12 hours
- Adolescent: 8–10 hours
Types of Play:
- Preschool: Associative
- School-Age: Cooperative
- Adolescent: Peer/Social interaction
Nutritional Focus:
- Preschool: Calcium and Fluoride
- School-Age: Balanced Meals
- Adolescent: Focus on Body Image
Screenings:
- Preschool: Autism, Vision
- School-Age: Scoliosis, Obesity
- Adolescent: Depression Screening

Scenario-Based Multiple-Choice Questions

A 4-year-old refuses to sleep alone because of monsters under the bed.
- Best nursing response: B. 'Let’s check the room together and then read a story.'
A 5-year-old believes her illness is punishment for being bad.
- Reflection of: B. Magical thinking.
A preschool child asks for a band-aid after a shot.
- Best interpretation: D. Concern for body integrity.

(Questions continued per standard scenario-based format with corresponding correct answers).