Chapter 3: Expansion

• Definitions

  • nationalism vs sectionalism

    • nationalism is pride, love, and desire for wealth in one’s own country

    • sectionalism refers to political, economic, and social differences between northern and southern states

      • as our nation becomes more powerful and wealthier, nationalism and sectionalism will get bigger

• Economic Expansion

  • New Technology

    • agricultural

      • the plow is an agricultural invention that allows the growth of more plants

      • mechanical reaper allows the harvest of crops more quickly

      • Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin that will remove all of the sharp seeds, leaving clean cotton by itself, making it sell more

    • industrial

      • Samuel B. Morse is the inventor of the telegraph, which will improve communication (Morse code)

      • Robert Fulton is the inventor of the steamboat, which will improve transportation’s speed and distance

      • the railroad will also improve transportation’s speed and direction across the land

  • The Southern Economy

    • still based on plantation agriculture and more dependent on slave labor

    • they are still focused on cash crops

    • cotton is the most sold crop (known as “King Cotton”)

    • 3 reasons why we switched to cotton:

      • cotton gin = makes cotton profitable

      • Indian Removal Act → opens up more land for cotton production

      • invention of the steamboat and railroad

    • by 1860, 70% of the world’s cotton supply comes out of the south

      • the wealthiest states are South Carolina and Mississippi

    • the more cotton we grow, the more dependent we will be on slavery

    • we were not allowed to participate in the Middle Passage because it became illegal

      • the domestic slave trade was excessively selling slaves to make money

        • for example, if your mother was a slave, you are born as a slave

      • The South has invested more money in slaves than they have in railroads, factories, and banks combined

      • the conditions were that they had to work at an age where they could, they were held in an auction in front of buyers to see if the slaves were good to be in the field

      • they build their way of life like a resistance

        • violent rebellions → resist the fact they, the slaves, are people

          • Nat Turner was the leader of the slave rebellion

        • work sabotage → when slaves are treated like children

        • religion is also a resistance

          • the slave community emphasizes baptism because it gets them to heaven and saves them from sin

        • running away was another resistance

          • underground railroad was meant to help slaves run away by a group of slaves

          • the people helping the slaves are conductors

        • music is used to communicate, teach, and keep the work going

  • The Northern Economy

    • 1st Industrial Revolution → mass production of goods

      • most of the wealth is produced by factories

      • they are making a lot of products very quickly

      • there’s a lot of urbanization in the North, because of the factories

      • there are a lot of railroads in the North that have expanded over the years

      • Louisiana does not have as many railroads because they mostly have steamboats

    • Market Revolution

      • more people can buy and sell goods

      • the North will be the center of commerce (business) in the U.S.

    • Lowell Textile (cotton cloth) Factories

      • owned by Francis Cabot Lowell

      • Massachusetts was the state he built and everyone who moved there worked at his factories

      • he invented the single-operator power loom, which is a machine that could make more textiles more quickly to earn more money

      • he mostly hired poor or working-class women to work in his factories

        • he hired many women that he was referred to as “Lowell Mill Girls”

      • positives: represents more money

      • negatives: the reason he hired women is because he can pay them less money than men, poor working conditions, meaning long working hours, dark and dirty rooms, and no safety hazards

  • The American System

    • James Madison is the President of the U.S. during the time

    • Henry Clay is a member of the House of Representatives in Kentucky

      • they created the American System, which is an example of nationalism and the idea of making people wealthier

      • sectionalism is going to grow because of this plan

        • it makes those decisions permanent

        • 2 parts:

          • protective tariffs → make the northern states happy

            • southern states do not like protective tariffs because they export goods more than they import goods

            • tariffs is a fancy word for taxes and are taxes on imports

            • they try to encourage Americans to buy American products

            • tariffs cost money so that’s why the South does not like tariffs

            • in the North, the higher the tariffs, the better the nation was going to be, and the angrier the South was going to be

          • internal improvements → The federal government is going to increase infrastructure which includes roads, railroads, canals, and levees

            • The South takes advantage of roads, canals, and levees while the North takes advantage of railroads and canals

• President James Monroe

  • last founding father president

  • the Missouri Compromise, 1820

    • primarily a crisis of sectionalism and political debate between North and South

    • Missouri wants to be admitted as a slave state even though it’s in the North

    • no free territory to pair up with Missouri

    • Henry Clay is called the “Great Compromiser” and created the Missouri Compromise:

      • Missouri is admitted as a slave state

      • he created Maine as a free state (banned slavery) and the balance of power was maintained

      • the 36-30 degree latitude-longitude line in the South will be slave states and everything North (except Missouri) will be a free state

  • The Monroe Doctrine

    • this was a much stronger form of policy than the Neutrality Act

      • they are telling the Europeans to “keep out” of the Western Territory

• The 1824 Election

  • no political parties during this time

  • four popular people running for president

    • William Crawford → famous congressman at the time

    • Andrew Jackson → hero in the Battle of New Orleans

    • John Quincy Adams → Founding father of John Adams

    • Henry Clay → “Great Compromiser”

  • nobody wins the majority of the electoral votes, so the House of Representatives chooses who gets to be president

  • Henry Clay is the speaker of the House of Representatives and gets to choose who gets to be president

    • Andrew Jackson won the most votes, but not enough to be president and Henry Clay hated Jackson

  • House of Representatives vote John Quincy Adams to be president and Adams appoints Clay as his secretary of state

    • it looked like they made a deal before the actual election

    • Andrew Jackson accuses both Clay and Adams of being thieves and is angry at them

    • Jackson spends the next four years trying to be elected president

• Jacksonian Democracy

  • Jackson is going to court people’s votes directly

  • politicians directly ask the people to vote for them

  • there’s a huge party for election day

  • open ballot → no secrecy on who to vote

    • everyone tells the person who they are voting for and there’s fraud because people vote more than once, non-citizens are voting, and immigrants

• President Andrew Jackson

  • Election of 1828

    • people help Jackson win the presidency easily

    • Jackson makes sure he does what’s best for himself rather than his people

  • The Spoils System

    • he will hire people who prove their loyalty to the president who are also not as qualified

    • presidents use this system and value this to themselves rather than the quality

  • The Tariff Crisis

    • Jackson increased the tariff twice because the majority of his voters lived in the North, making the Southern states angry

    • the 1832 tariff was so high that people called it the “Tariff of Abominations”

    • John C. Calhoun is vice president during this time and he is from South Carolina

      • he is very angry about this tariff crisis and he secretly writes a book called Theory of Nullification

      • Calhoun argued that states are supreme to the federal government and it is the state’s final say on the federal law

      • each state can nullify any federal law it thinks is unconstitutional

      • his book does not stay secret and Jackson is not happy

    • South Carolina will turn the 1832 tariff to be nullified

      • if they tried to force South Carolina to be a part of the tariff, they would secede from the U.S. and form their own country

      • Jackson is angry about this and accuses South Carolina of treason

      • he threatens Calhoun that they will burn down buildings and hang him

    • Tariff Compromise

      • the tariff will be reduced slowly over the next 10 years

      • Clay will pass the Force Act

        • this law allows Jackson to use the military to enforce laws that states refuse to obey

  • The Indian Removal Act/Trail of Tears

    • it required Native Americans who lived in the southeastern states to move to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

      • this was because they had more land to grow cotton

    • the Cherokee Nation is going to sue the federal government and say that the law is unconstitutional

      • they are violating their right to property (5th Amendment)

    • Worcester v. Georgia is an example of judicial review

      • they agree to this because it does violate their right to property

      • the executive branch does not agree and the federal government enforces it

    • the movement to Oklahoma is called the “Trail of Tears because many people die from this

• Early Reform Movements

  • Abolitionist Movement

    • they wanted to abolish slavery

      • most abolitionists and Americans see this more as an economic and political problem rather than a moral problem

      • they did not want African Americans to stay

    • William Lloyd Garrison → published a newspaper called “The Liberator”

      • most people see him as a radical person

      • he says that they have to free the slaves immediately and there needs to be an immediate emancipation

      • the South would disagree with this

      • Garrison argues to free the slaves AND make them full citizens, even if violence has to come in

    • Frederick Douglas → published a newspaper called “The North Star”

      • all slaves needed to be freed, but all males needed to be granted citizenship

      • the North is going to agree to this while the South is angry

    • Women Abolitionists → Women joined this movement and gave public speeches

      • Sojourner Truth → She is a runaway slave and makes a unique suggestion

        • she says that both men and women should be granted equal right to citizenship

      • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott → leaders of the Women’s Rights Movement

  • Women’s Rights Movement

    • The Seneca Falls Convention → Stanton and Mott create this convention and start this movement in New York

      • The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions is published at this convention

        • this is going to list out women's non-rights:

          • they can’t vote (politically)

          • careers and education are limited for women (economically)

          • women did not have property or divorce rights (socially)

          • all men AND women are created equal

            • for this to happen, women need the right to vote

      • Susan B. Anthony → She becomes the leader of the women’s rights movement after the convention

        • she created the organization called the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA)

          • their goal is to get women the right to vote

  • Social Reform Movement

    • temperance movement → they try to get Americans to drink in moderation

      • they tried to get Americans to abstain from drinking alcohol after this did not work the first time

      • they wanted Americans to do this on their own

    • education → Horace Mann created the first public school system

      • he accepted everyone in his school system and he is from the North

    • mental health → Dorothea Dix is the first person who noticed these signs and created mental hospitals called asylums instead of keeping the mentally ill people in prison

• Manifest Destiny

  • Americans believed that westward expansion had been predestined or ordained by God for the American people

    • they believed that they controlled the western territories

• Mexico and Texas

  • Texas Colony

    • they used to belong to Mexico

    • the Mexican government encouraged Americans to move to Texas and settle because they wanted to make the land more stable, secure, and profitable

  • Cultural Differences

    • American settlers in Texas are Protestant, Anglican, speak English, and most of them are slave-owners

    • Mexicans are Roman Catholic, Latino, speak Spanish, and banned slavery in 1829

• The Texas Revolution (1835-1836)

  • General Santa Anna → overthrows the Mexican Republic and establishes himself as a dictator

    • he quickly suspends all local freedoms in Mexican colonies including Texas

  • The Alamo → a Mexican siege that lasts for 13 days and ends in a battle that lasts about 90 minutes

    • as a result, all 187 Texans are slaughtered to death

  • The Goliad Massacre → Goliad is a small town in Texas and the 300 Texan soldiers surrender and General Santa Anna executes them all anyway

    • this massacre becomes the “rallying cry” for the Texans

  • The Battle of San Jacinto → General San Houston will capture General Santa Anna and force him to sign the Treaty of Velasco

  • Treaty of Velasco → this treaty granted independence to Texas

    • Texas becomes its own country

• President James K. Polk

  • presidential goals

    • he wanted to turn the southwest states into slave states

      • he was going to expand America westward and achieve America’s manifest destiny and take those southwestern territories by force or purchase

  • annexation of Texas

    • Congress and Polk agreed to bring Texas into the U.S. and Texas already wanted to be a part of the U.S. and the Mexicans were unhappy

• The Mexican-American War (1845-1849)

  • America wins the battle easily

  • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

    • they set the Rio Grande River as the boundary between Texas and Mexico

    • the U.S. agreed to pay Mexico $15 million for the modern-day southern states

• The Mexican Cession and Slavery

  • Wilmot Proviso → ban on slavery in all territory gained in the Mexican-American War

    • it got through the House of Representatives, but it died in the Senate

• The California Gold Rush, 1849

  • over 80,000 gold-seekers were moving to California in 1849

    • by the end of the year, over 100,000 non-Native Californians are living there

    • it revolutionizes the California economy

    • gold is going to financially impress farming, manufacturing, shipping, and banking

    • diverse economy DOES NOT depend on slave labor

    • Californians are going to be asked to be admitted as a new state, specifically a free state