Lecture Personality

Page 1: Personality

• Overview of personality and its uniqueness.

Page 2: What is Personality?

• Definition: Long-standing traits and patterns that influence consistent thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

• Galen’s Four Temperaments:

  • Melancholic

  • Choleric

  • Phlegmatic

  • Sanguine

• Kant’s adaptation and Wundt’s visual representation of personality.

Page 3: Freudian Explanation of Personality

• Personality arises from the conflict between:

  • Biological drives: Aggressive and pleasure-seeking.

  • Socialized control: Internal mechanisms curbing these drives.

• Three components of personality:

  • Id:

    • Innate, unconscious driving force; animalistic compulsion for pleasure.

  • Ego:

    • Develops early; realizes self and mediates between Id and Superego.

  • Superego:

    • Acts as a guardian, ensuring behavior aligns with social norms.

Page 4: Freud's Defense Mechanisms

• Denial:

  • Example: Kaila’s refusal to acknowledge her alcohol problem.

• Displacement:

  • Example: Mark being verbally abusive to a server instead of his brother.

• Projection:

  • Example: Chris accuses her boyfriend of cheating to cope with her own infidelity.

• Rationalization:

  • Example: Kim blames the professor for failing instead of his own lack of effort.

• Reaction Formation:

  • Example: Nadia presents kindness to Beth while feeling resentment.

• Regression:

  • Example: Giorgio returns to childlike habits after failure.

• Repression:

  • Example: LaShea blocks memories of her grandfather's death.

• Sublimation:

  • Example: Jerome channels anger into community support work.

Page 5: Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

• Stages:

  • Oral (0–1):

    • Conflict: Weaning

    • Fixation: Smoking, overeating

  • Anal (1–3):

    • Conflict: Toilet training

    • Fixation: Neatness, messiness

  • Phallic (3–6):

    • Conflict: Oedipus/Electra complex

    • Fixation: Vanity, overambition

  • Latency (6–12):

    • Conflict: None

    • Fixation: None

  • Genital (12+):

    • Conflict: None

    • Fixation: None

Page 6: Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development

• Stages:

  1. Trust vs. mistrust (0–1) - Basic needs met

  2. Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1–3) - Independence

  3. Initiative vs. guilt (3–6) - Initiative in activities

  4. Industry vs. inferiority (7–11) - Self-confidence

  5. Identity vs. confusion (12–18) - Identity development

  6. Intimacy vs. isolation (19–29) - Establishing relationships

  7. Generativity vs. stagnation (30–64) - Contributing to society

  8. Integrity vs. despair (65+) - Reflection on life.

Page 7: Learning Approaches to Personality

• Behaviorist Perspective:

  • Personality shaped by reinforcements.

  • Consistent behavior based on prior learning.

• Social-Cognitive Perspective:

  • Developed through observational learning.

  • Learning and cognition contribute to personality differences.

Page 8: Social-Cognitive Theory: Reciprocal Determinism

• Bandura’s concept that behavior, personal factors, and environment interact continuously, shaping personality.

Page 9: Social-Cognitive Theory: Self-Efficacy

• Definition: Confidence in one’s own abilities, impacts approach to challenges.

• High self-efficacy correlates with positive challenge perception, goal commitment, and recovery from setbacks.

Page 10: Social-Cognitive Theory: Locus of Control (LOC)

• Rotter’s concept:

  • Internal LOC: Belief in personal control over behavior.

  • External LOC: Belief that external forces govern behavior.

Page 11: Mischel and the Person-Situation Debate

• Concept that behavior varies by situation; self-regulation studied through marshmallow test.

Page 12: Humanistic Approaches: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Hierarchical needs must be met to achieve self-actualization.

• Failure to meet needs may result in emotional and behavioral issues affecting personality.

Page 13: Humanistic Approaches: Roger’s Self Concept

• Self-concept: Thoughts and feelings about oneself.

• Ideal Self: Desired self-image.

• Real Self: Actual self.

• Congruence: Harmony between ideal and real self enhances self-actualization.

• Unconditional vs. Conditional Positive Regard:

  • Importance of unconditional love from caregivers.

Page 14: Biological Approaches

• Personality traits are genetically based, but environmental factors also play a role.

• Evidence from studies shows heritability accounts for 50–60% of traits.

• Temperament influenced by biology, emerging early in life.

• Key dimensions:

  • Reactivity: Response to stimuli.

  • Self-regulation: Control over responses.

Page 15: Early Trait Theorists: Cattell

• Defined personality through 16 key traits:

  1. Warmth

  2. Reasoning

  3. Emotional Stability

  4. Dominance

  5. Liveliness

  6. Rule-consciousness

  7. Social boldness

  8. Sensitivity

  9. Vigilance

  10. Abstractedness

  11. Privateness

  12. Apprehension

  13. Openness to change

  14. Self-reliance

  15. Perfectionism

  16. Tension

Page 16: Early Trait Theorists: The Eysencks

• Proposed three key personality dimensions:

  • Extraversion vs. Introversion

  • Neuroticism vs. Stability

  • Psychoticism vs. Superego Control.

Page 17: The Five Factor Model

• Traits and Scores:

  • Openness (imagination, feelings)

  • Conscientiousness (competence, organized)

  • Extroversion (sociability, warmth)

  • Agreeableness (trustworthiness, empathy)

  • Neuroticism (emotional stability)

Page 18: Culture and Personality

• Culture significantly impacts personality formation; encompasses beliefs, customs, and traditions.

• Three approaches to analyzing personality in cultural contexts:

  • Cultural-comparative approach

  • Indigenous approach

  • Combined approach.

Page 19: Regional Personality Clusters

• Examples of personality clusters in the U.S.:

  • Cluster 1: Friendly, conventional

  • Cluster 2: Relaxed, creative

  • Cluster 3: Temperamental, uninhibited.

Page 20: Tests of Personality

• Self-Report Inventories:

  • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

• Projective Tests:

  • Rorschach Inkblot Test

  • Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank

  • Thematic Apperception Test

  • TEMAS test for diverse populations.

Page 21: Next Time

• Topic introduction for Industrial Organizational (I/O) Psychology.