Unit 2 - Understanding Human Behaviour (Biological and Social influences of behaviour)

Understanding Human Behavior

Understanding human behaviour involves considering both biological and social influences. These two sets of factors interact and often intertwine to shape the way individuals think, feel, and act. Behaviour can be classified as:

• Caused behavior

• Motivated behaviour,

• Goal oriented behaviour.

Biological Influences on Human Behaviour

Biological influences on human behaviour are factors related to an individual's biology, genetics, and neurophysiology that play a significant role in shaping their thoughts, emotions, and actions. All human behavior is a product of biological structures and processes, highly organized on multiple interconnected levels. Understanding these biological precursors of behavior can lead to treatments for psychological disorders.

Here are some key biological influences on human behaviour:

The brain: The brain is a sophisticated organ whose function and design makes it the main hub for the nervous and sensory system and cognitive functions, all of which are vital in forming behaviour. They function separately, yet in conjunction to construct movements and behaviors. The number of nerve cells in the brain are inconceivable. These cells function together to create behaviors by sending continuous messages to and from the brain via neurons throughout the body. Different brain regions are responsible for specific functions, such as the prefrontal cortex for decision-making and the amygdala for processing emotions.

Endocrine System; The study of psychology and the endocrine system is called behavioral endocrinology. The endocrine system regulates various physiological processes through hormone secretion. Hormones regulate behaviors such as aggression, mating, and parenting of individuals. Disruptions in hormone levels, as seen in conditions like thyroid disorders, can affect mood and behaviour. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by the endocrine system. They can have a profound impact on behaviour and mood. For example, cortisol, the "stress hormone," is released in response to stress and can influence an individual's emotional and behavioral responses to stressors. Oxytocin is associated with social bonding and attachment

Genetics: Genetic factors, determined by an individual's DNA, can influence various behavioral traits and tendencies. Certain behaviors and personality traits may have a hereditary component. For example, genes can play a role in determining an individual’s susceptibility to conditions like depression, schizophrenia, or addiction

Nervous System: Another important factor in shaping human behavior is the nervous system. Like the brain, the nervous system is complex and sophisticated. The nervous system is responsible for synchronizing individuals’ movements, whether voluntary or involuntary. The peripheral and central nervous systems partner together to control bodily actions, such as laughing, reacting to pain, sound, touch, sight, smelling, and hearing are possible due to the sensory system. Special sensory neurons transmit signals through nerve fibers to the central nervous system where messages are transported to and from the brain which allow for recognition of stimuli present.

Physical Health: Physical health conditions, including neurological disorders, brain injuries, or chronic illnesses, can significantly impact behaviour. Conditions like Alzheimer's disease can lead to changes in memory and personality.

Medication and Substances: The use of medications and substances, including psychoactive drugs, can alter brain chemistry and behaviour. Prescribed medications, such as antidepressants or antipsychotics, can influence mood and behaviour.

Developmental Changes Biological changes that occur during different life stages, such as puberty and aging, can influence behaviour. Hormonal changes during adolescence can impact mood and risk-taking behaviors, while cognitive decline in older adults can affect decision-making..

Social Influences on Human Behaviour

Social influences on behaviour refer to the ways in which individuals are affected by the presence, actions, or thoughts of others. These influences can shape a wide range of behaviors, from everyday actions to major life decisions. Specifically, social influence refers to the way in which individuals change their ideas and actions to meet the demands of a social group, perceived authority, social role or a minority within a group wielding influence over the majority.

Conformity

Conformity is the tendency to adjust one's beliefs, attitudes, or behaviours to match those of a group. This can lead to behaviours that may not align with an individual's true beliefs.

People conform because:

• perception of someone else’s behavior makes them more likely to behave that way themselves.

• informational social influence .

• to fit in

• avoid social rejection.

Compliance

Involves changing one's behaviour in response to a direct request from another person or group. This can be influenced by various factors, including authority figures, social norms, and persuasive techniques. For example, people may comply with a salesperson's request to buy a product due to social pressure.

Obedience

Obedience is the act of following explicit commands or orders from an authority figure. The classic study by Stanley Milgram demonstrated the powerful influence of authority on behaviour, even when it involves causing harm to others. For instance, a son is expected to obey his parents, a teacher directs students to behave in class and a soldier takes orders from a superior officer. In each instance, the person in a subordinate position obeys the other, often for fear of the consequences of disobeying them.

Social Norms

Social norms are unwritten rules and expectations that guide behaviour within a particular culture or society. Violating these norms can result in social disapproval or sanctions. For example, people often follow norms related to dress codes, manners, and etiquette.

Peer Pressure:

Peer pressure occurs when individuals are influenced by their peers or social group to adopt certain behaviours, attitudes, or values. Adolescents are susceptible to peer pressure, which can lead to risky behaviours like substance abuse or delinquency.

Social Influence in Online Communities

With the rise of social media and online communities, individuals are increasingly influenced by the behaviour and opinions of others in virtual spaces. Likes, shares, and comments on social media posts can shape people's views and actions.

Media and Advertising

Mass media and advertising have a powerful influence on behaviour by shaping societal norms, values, and consumer choices. Advertising, for example, can encourage the adoption of certain products or behaviours.

Social Support

Social support from friends, family, and community can have a positive impact on behaviour and mental health. Supportive relationships can buffer against stress and promote well-being.

This approach acknowledges that genes, brain function, socialization, culture, and environmental factors all play crucial roles in shaping human behaviour.