Enlightenment Thinkers - Philosophers - you should know where they are from and their famous works (books, ideas, philosophes)

Jean-Jacque Rousseau - French, The Social Contract, individuals have consented, either explicitly to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler (or to the decision of a majority) in exchange for protection of their remaining rights.  (most influential for French Revolution)

John Locke - English, The Second Treatise of Government, men have natural rights and that they have the right to life, liberty and property (possessions)

Thomas (Calvin) Hobbes - English, The Leviathan, strongest person will survive (Darwinism); state must have absolute power

Montesquieu - French, The Spirit of Laws, separation of powers

Voltaire - (his nom de plume, real name is François-Marie Arouet) French, advocated for freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state. (secular)

What was the importance of the salon during the Enlightenment?  The salons (coffee or tea shops of the time) served as meeting place for the philosophers to share their ideas; often run by women

Scientific Revolution - Men of Science - you should know where they were from and their famous works (theories)

Scientists relied on reason and observation

Ptolemy - Greco-Roman Empire, Egypt - born in the year 100 - geocentric theory

Nicolaus Copernicus -  Prussia (modern day Poland), mathematician who formulated the sun was the center of the universe - heliocentric theory

Johannes Kepler - German astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer; laws of planetary motion (motion of planets around the sun); elliptical orbits

Galileo - Italian, used the telescope to further prove Copernicus’ Heliocentric Theory; known as the Father of Astronomy

Isaac Newton - English; Principia - laws of motion and gravity

Francis Bacon - English; developed the scientific method

William Harvey - English; a physician who was the first to detail the human circulatory system

The Arts - you should know where they are from and the medium of art (musician, painter, writer)

Johann Sebastian Bach - German; baroque era composer (1600-1750’s)

Amadeus Mozart - Austrian; classical era (1720’s - 1820’s)

Eugene Delacroix - French; leader of the French Romantic Style (painter)

Miguel Cervantes - Spanish; novelist, Don Quixote

Absolute Monarchs - you should know the country and how they impacted their people

Peter the Great - ruled the Tsardom of Russia from 1682-1725; wanted to modernize or Westernize Russia based on Enlightenment ideas and theories.  Also founded and developed St. Petersburg which remained the capital of Russia until 1917.

Louis XIV - ruled France from 1643-1715;  Lived in the Palace of Versailles; ruled by divine right; forced the nobles to live at the Palace to maintain control over them

Charles II - ruled England, Scotland and Ireland from 1660-1685; was in exile for first 30 years of his life and restored to the throne after the English Civil War

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Absolutism - government by an absolute ruler or authority

Divine Right Theory - the right to rule derived directly from God, not from the consent of the people.

English Bill of Rights 1689 - is an Act of the Parliament of England that sets out certain basic civil rights and clarifies who would be next to inherit the Crown.  Signed as a direct result of the Glorious Revolution by William and Mary of Orange.

Glorious Revolution - 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with William III, Prince of Orange, Netherland, who was James's nephew and son-in-law. (strengthens power of parliament)