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Impressionism (1890)

- Started in late 19th century and early 20th century.

- Focus on conveying moods instead of depicting reality.

Key Points:

1. Focuses on suggestion and atmosphere rather than depicting emotion.

2. I. Color (Timbre) II. Atmosphere

3. Chords (whole tone scale)

Composers:

1. Claude Debussy- Primary exponent of impressionism.

- Changed the musical

development by dissolving traditional rules and conventions.

Composition: Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun

2. Maurice Ravel- Characterized by its uniquely innovative but not atonal style of harmonic treatment.

- At the age of 14, he entered the Paris Conservatory.

Composition: Boléro

Expressionism

- First applied in music in 1918 (Visual and literary Arts).

- A reaction to impressionism (artists created distorted color & vivid images, make unrealistic images.

- Emerged in various cities in Germany as a response to wide spread anxiety.

- Happened before WW1 and extended between 2 major European wars. (focused on psychological feelings rather than physical facts)

- Composers had intense expressions and explored subconscious mind.

Key Points:

1. Dissonant Harmonies- Quality of sound that seems unstable (dissonant).

2. Atonal- Music that lacks key or center.

3. Contrasting of Dynamics- Loudness & softness of sound. (dynamics)

4. Constant Changing of Texture- Determines the overall quality of sound in a piece. (texture)

5. Distorted Melodies and Harmony- composers reflect their own feelings rather than reality.

Composers:

1. Arnold Schoenberg- Primary exponent of expressionism.

- Created new methods of musical composition involving atonality with technique of 12 tone technique.

Composition: Gurreleider

2. Igor Stravinsky- Has approximately 127 musical works.

Composition: Rite of Spring (1913)

Primitivism

- Old and ancient

- Tonal through the asserting of one note as more important than the others.

Key Points:

1. Belief that Primitive stories and ideas should be explored since the beginnings of music, must be respected rather than be forgotten.

2. Percussion instrument used extensively but also the normal instruments (string, wind, bass) are used in new way to create percussion sound.

3. Syncopation (shifting or

displacement of the beat)

and accenting beats gives

music a sense of power.

Composers:

1. Igor Stravinsky (Russian)- Many ballet music

2. Bela Bartok (Hungary)- composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist

Composition: The Six String Quartets

Neoclassicism

- Neo (new) & classical (first class art)

- Moderating factor between emotional excesses of the romantic period.

- Revival of the classical style

Characteristics:

1. 7 Diatonic Scale- Specific interval pattern

Pattern: W-W-H-W-W-W-H

(W: 2 steps, H: 1 steps)

C/D/E-F/G/A/B-C

2. Tonal Harmonies- Combine

with slight dissonance.

3. Baroque and Classical- Melody based on

4. Melody is easy to recognize.

Avant Garde

- French word meaning advance guard or vanguard.

- Started in 1945 (post WW1 music).

- It is an experimental music

- Originated in the early 20th century.

- Has new sound, extended playing techniques, unusual time signatures (characteristics).

Key Points:

1. Extreme ranges of timbre and dynamics

2. Polyrhythms (simultaneous use of two or more rhythms)

3. No clear melody or rhythm (difficult to listen)

4. “Progressive” or experimental

Electronic Music- Involves electronic processes

Examples: cassette tape, recorders, DVD, MP3,

Synthesizers- Machines that are electronically generated and modified sounds with use of computer.

Theremin- Creates electromagnetic fields that creates sounds at different pitches when musicians moves his or her hand (used in 1950 for horror and sci-fi movies)

Composer:

Edgard (Edgar) Varese- Father of Electronic Music

Music Concrete- Experiment different sounds that cannot be produced by regular instrument.

Chance Music- Always sounds different at every performance.

- Sounds emanate from surroundings.

ARTS

ARTS

Impressionism

- Started in 2nd half of 19th century.

- Used pure unmixed color and short broken strokes instead of solid line for more visual effect on subject.

- Moved away from established practices and discovered new ways of painting.

Capturing Scenes:

• household objects

• seascapes

• houses

• ordinary people

Artist:

1. Claude Monet- proponent of impressionism art.

Art Works: Impression, Sunrise in 1872 (I.A. came from this)

2. Aguste Renoir- Leading painter in the development of the impressionist style.

Art Works: Luncheon on the boating party (1881)

3. Edouard Manet- One of the first 19th-century artists to paint modern life.

Art Works: Argenteuil (1874)

Additional Characteristics:

• Paintings are not detailed (looks like not finished)

• Paintings are off the center

Expressionism

- More emotional force

How:

1. Distorted outline

2. Unrealistic or unnatural images

3. Work more with imagination and feelings rather than what their eyes saw on the real world.

Style:

1. Cubism- revolutionary new approach and appear fragmented

- Developed by Pablo Picasso & Georges Braque

Example: Three Musician by Pablo Picasso

2. Neo-primitivism- native arts of south sea islanders wood carving of the African tribe.

Example: Yellow Sweater (1919) by Amadeo Modigliani

3. Fauvism- les fauves “wild beast”, - It is bold, vibrant colors and visual distortions.

Example: Woman with Hat (1905) by Henri Matisse

4. Dadaism- French term “hobby horse” (nonsense)

- Identified with visual tricks and surprises, dream fantasies, and memory images.

- Satirical and nonsense in nature

Example: Street Music (1915) by Theo Van Doesburg

5. Surrealism- super realism with characteristics like dream, seeing illusions or experiencing a change in mental state.

Example: Persistence of Memory (1931) by Salvador Dali

6. Social Realism- roles in social reform (injustice, inequality, immortality).

Example: Miner’s Wives (1948) by Ben Shahn

Abstractionism

- Started early 1900s

- logical and rational (characteristics)

- reduces an image into geometrical shapes, patterns, lines, angles, textures, and fields or strokes of color.

2 types

Representational- recognizable subject

Example: Oval Still Life by Georges Braque

Pure- does not recognize the subject

Example: The Spring by Francis Picabia

Styles:

1. Cubism- lines, planes, angles

Example: Girl Before a Mirror by Pablo Picasso

2. Futurism- motion, force, speed, strength of force mechanic

Example: Armored Train by Gino Severini

3. Mechanical Form- Planes, cones, spheres, and cylinders

Example: The City by Fernand Leger

4. Non-objectivism- no representational figures

Example: New York City by Piet Mondrian

HEALTH

HEALTH

Health Services- Aim to appraise the health condition of individuals through screening and examination.

- Cure and treat disorders, prevent and control the spread of diseases

Health Professional- Licensed to practice medicine.

- Practices under supervision of a physician or practitioner.

- Provides diagnosis, performs medical examinations and prescribes medication.

Healthcare Practitioner- Independent healthcare provider that practices on specific area of a body.

Healthcare Facilities- Places or institution that offer healthcare services.

1. Hospital- Institution where people undergo medical diagnosis, care and treatment

2. 2 types of medical care:

Inpatient Care- Needs to stay inside the hospital

Outpatient Care- Does not require the individual to stay

• Kinds of Hospital:

Private- Run by individuals to gain profit.

Voluntary- Owned by community or organization.

Public or Government- Run by the state and treatment fees are subsidized

Teaching- School for medical students

• Classification of Hospital:

General - Complete medical, surgical and maternal care facilities

Specialty- Handles particular disease or condition

2. Walk-In Surgery Center- Offers surgery without being admitted.

3. Health Center- Cater specific population with various health needs.

4. Extended Health Care Facility- Nursing care and residential services.

Health Insurance- Financial agreement between an insurance company and an individual or group for payment of healthcare cost.

- “Protection that provides benefits for sickness and injury.”

2 Source:

Public & Private Companies

Insured- Person that gets compensated

Insurer- Company that agrees to pay the compensation

Premium- Money paid by insured to the insurer

4 Major Domain of Complementary and Alternative Medicine:

• Biology-Based Practices

- Herbal medicine, special diet, and vitamins

• Energy Medicine

- Magnetic fields or biofields

• Manipulative

• Body-Based Practices

- Both are bodily kinesthetic and concerned with movement therapy

Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC)- Law-making body with regards to the effective use.

Examples of PITAHC Approved:

• Naturopathy

• Herbal Medicine

Examples of Alternative Medicine:

1. Acupuncture- Long thin needles are inserted to specific parts of the body. Believed to treat musculoskeletal dysfunctions.

2. Ventosa Cupping Massage Therapy- Inverted glasses that have hot flames from burning cloth and placed on specific parts of the body.

3. Reflexology- Massaging soles of the feet.

4. Acupressure- Uses hands to apply pressure on certain points of the body

5. Nutrition Therapy- Tailored diet

Quackery- Promotion of product and services that have not been scientifically proven safe and effective.

- Health fraud

Quack- Individual with little or no professional qualifications to practice medicine.

- Use meaning medical jargon and rely on scare tactics, paranoid accusations, and quick fixes.

Characteristics:

1. Big business

2. Multiplies and spreads fast (progressive)

3. Claims for incurable conditions

Effects:

1. Prevent or delay healing

2. Placebo effect

3. Actual harm

4. Overmedication and overdosage

Forms:

• Medical- Involves drug-free or bloodless treatments

• Nutrition- Promoting Dietary Habits

• Device- Employs miracle tools