Introduction to AP Psychology Unit One

• Overview of the biological basis of behavior.

• Importance of both biological systems in our physical and mental actions.

• Encouragement to take notes during the video for better retention.

Nature vs. Nurture Debate

• Historical perspective: Outdated view as nature vs. nurture.

• Updated understanding: Nature and nurture both play significant roles.

  • Nature (Heredity): Involves the passing on of physical and mental traits.

  • Nurture: Refers to environmental factors such as family, social groups, education, and societal influences.

Psychological Perspectives on Nature and Nurture

• Evolutionary Approach:

  • Based on Darwin's theory of evolution which emphasizes the role of heredity.

  • Concepts of natural selection: Beneficial traits survive and are passed on.

  • Misuse of these principles: E.g., eugenics movement.

• Epigenetics:

  • Focus on how environmental factors influence gene expression.

  • Explains variability in identical twins raised apart (e.g., Minnesota study).

• Family and Adoption Studies:

  • Longitudinal studies like the COL adoption project enhance understanding of genetics and environment on behavior.

Neuroplasticity vs. Epigenetics

• Plasticity:

  • Refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt through experiences.

  • Involves strengthening or weakening neural connections based on learning.

Nervous System Overview

• Central Nervous System (CNS):

  • Consists of the brain and spinal cord; sends out orders to the body.

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):

  • Comprises nerves branching from the CNS to organs and muscles.

Types of Nerves

• Afferent Neurons (Sensory Neurons):

  • Send signals to the CNS from sensory receptors.

• Efferent Neurons (Motor Neurons):

  • Send signals from the CNS to the muscles and organs.

Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

• Somatic Nervous System:

  • Controls voluntary movements and sensory information (senses and skeletal muscle movements).

• Autonomic Nervous System:

  • Manages involuntary activities essential for survival (e.g., heartbeat, digestion).

  • Divisions:

    • Sympathetic Division: Prepares body for action (fight or flight response).

    • Parasympathetic Division: Calms body (rest and digest).

Neurons and Neural Firing

• Glial Cells:

  • Provide structure, insulation, communication, and waste transport; do not process information.

• Neurons:

  • Basic functional units of the nervous system, communicate via electrical impulses and neurotransmitters.

Reflex Arc

• Involves sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons to create a rapid response to stimuli without conscious thought.

• Example: Touching something hot triggers immediate withdrawal without processing details.

Neural Transmission Process

• Emphasizes the process by which neurons communicate with each other and the importance of understanding neuron structures and functions.