23E. John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams, the sixth U.S. president, was an intelligent but controversial leader whose commitment to principle often worked against him politically. Like his father, also a one-term president, Adams embraced policies that were forward-thinking but out of step with public opinion.

Adams advocated for a strong federal role in economic development, supporting Henry Clay's American System. His proposals included a publicly-funded national university and federal investment in science and exploration. However, these initiatives gained little traction, partly because Adams publicly criticized democracy's potential flaws, alienating many Americans who viewed his remarks as elitist.

Adams’ refusal to campaign for re-election in 1828, grounded in his belief that public office should be about service rather than popularity, further hurt his image. Statements like “if the country wants my services, she must ask for them” reinforced perceptions of him as disconnected from ordinary citizens.

Despite his political setbacks, Adams demonstrated a steadfast dedication to principle. He overturned a coercive 1825 treaty ceding Creek lands to Georgia, angering many Americans who believed whites deserved access to Native lands. Although his actions didn't prevent the Creeks’ eventual removal, they showcased his commitment to justice.

Adams' principled stance continued during his post-presidential career in the U.S. House of Representatives. He opposed congressional "gag rules" that blocked anti-slavery petitions and famously defended enslaved Africans in the Amistad case before the Supreme Court. While his presidency was marred by unpopularity, Adams' enduring contributions to justice and governance solidified his legacy as a principled leader.