Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923) – A Supreme Court case that struck down a minimum wage law for women in Washington, D.C., ruling that it violated the freedom of contract under the Fifth Amendment. This decision reversed Muller v. Oregon (1908) and was later overturned by West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937).
Nine-Power Treaty (1922) – An agreement signed at the Washington Naval Conference by major world powers, including the U.S., Japan, and Britain, affirming the Open Door Policy in China and guaranteeing China’s territorial sovereignty.
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) – A treaty signed by 62 nations that sought to outlaw war as a means of resolving international disputes. While it lacked enforcement mechanisms, it reflected a strong desire for peace after World War I.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law (1922) – A protectionist tariff that significantly raised duties on imported goods to promote American industry. It contributed to global economic instability by making it harder for European nations to repay war debts to the U.S.
Teapot Dome Scandal (1921–1923) – A major political scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall illegally leased naval oil reserves in Wyoming (Teapot Dome) and California to private companies in exchange for bribes. This became a symbol of government corruption during Warren G. Harding’s presidency.
McNary-Haugen Bill (1920s) – A proposed but vetoed bill that aimed to help farmers by having the government buy surplus crops and sell them abroad. It was rejected twice by President Calvin Coolidge, who opposed government intervention in the economy.
Dawes Plan (1924) – A financial plan designed to ease Germany’s World War I reparations burden by restructuring its debt payments with U.S. loans, which in turn helped stabilize the European economy.
Agricultural Marketing Act (1929) – A Hoover-era law that created the Federal Farm Board to support farmers by stabilizing crop prices, but it failed due to the onset of the Great Depression.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) – A high tariff on imported goods that worsened the Great Depression by triggering retaliatory tariffs from other countries, reducing international trade.
Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929) – The day the stock market crashed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. Investors panicked, leading to massive sell-offs and financial collapse.
Hoovervilles – Shantytowns that sprang up during the Great Depression, named sarcastically after President Herbert Hoover, whom many blamed for the economic crisis.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) (1932) – A government agency created by Hoover to provide emergency loans to banks, railroads, and businesses in an attempt to stabilize the economy. It was later expanded under Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act (1932) – A law that protected labor unions by limiting employers’ ability to use court injunctions to stop strikes and outlawing "yellow-dog contracts," which forced workers to agree not to join a union.
Bonus Army (1932) – A group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., to demand early payment of their war bonuses. Hoover ordered the U.S. Army to disperse them, leading to violent clashes and worsening his public image.
Warren G. Harding (1865–1923) – The 29th U.S. president (1921–1923), known for his pro-business policies, the "Return to Normalcy" slogan, and scandals like Teapot Dome. He died in office.
Albert B. Fall (1861–1944) – Harding’s Secretary of the Interior, infamous for his role in the Teapot Dome Scandal, where he accepted bribes in exchange for leasing government oil reserves to private companies.
Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) – The 30th U.S. president (1923–1929) known for his laissez-faire economic policies, belief in limited government, and the phrase "The business of America is business."
John W. Davis (1873–1955) – The Democratic candidate in the 1924 presidential election, who lost to Calvin Coolidge. He was a conservative lawyer and had little appeal to the broader electorate.
Alfred E. Smith (1873–1944) – The Democratic candidate in the 1928 presidential election. As the first Catholic major-party nominee, he faced significant anti-Catholic prejudice and lost to Herbert Hoover.
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