Physics_Flashcards

Formulas and Principles of Physics

Speed

• Formula for Speed: Speed = Distance / Time

  • Equation: S = d/t

Acceleration

• Formula for Acceleration: Acceleration = Change in Velocity / Time

  • Equation: a = Δv / Δt

Newton's Laws of Motion

Newton's First Law

• Statement: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

Newton's Second Law

• Formula for Force: Force = Mass x Acceleration

  • Equation: F = ma

Newton's Third Law

• Statement: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Pressure

• Formula for Pressure: Pressure = Force / Area

  • Equation: P = F/A

Archimedes' Principle

• Statement: The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.

Work and Energy

Work

• Formula for Work: Work = Force x Distance

  • Equation: W = Fd

Unit of Work

• Unit: Joule (J)

Power

• Definition: Power is the rate of doing work.

  • Equation: P = W/t (Watts)

Energy Equations

Kinetic Energy

• Formula: KE = 1/2 mv²

Potential Energy

• Formula: PE = mgh

Fluid Dynamics

Bernoulli's Principle

• Statement: A fluid moving at a higher velocity has lower pressure.

Pascal's Principle

• Statement: A change in pressure in a confined fluid is transmitted equally throughout the fluid.

Continuity Equation

• Equation: A1 v1 = A2 v2

Gas Laws

Boyle's Law

• Statement: Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional.

  • Equation: P1V1 = P2V2

Momentum

• Equation: Momentum = Mass x Velocity

  • Equation: p = mv

Conservation Laws

Conservation of Momentum

• Statement: Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision.

Work-Energy Theorem

• Statement: Work done on an object is equal to its change in energy.

Mechanical Advantage

• Formula: MA = Output Force / Input Force

Electric Charge

• Unit: Coulomb (C)

• Electric Power: Power = Voltage x Current

  • Equation: P = VI

Pressure and Volume Relationship

• Statement: If volume decreases, pressure increases (Boyle's Law).

Ideal Gas Law

• Equation: PV = nRT

Density

• Formula: Density = Mass / Volume

  • Equation: ρ = m/V

Buoyant Force

• Equation: F_B = ρgV_displaced

Impulse

• Equation: Impulse = Force x Time

  • Equation: J = Ft

Velocity vs Speed

• Difference: Velocity includes direction; speed does not.

Centripetal Force

• Definition: A force that keeps an object moving in a circular path.

Weight vs Mass

• Difference: Weight = Force due to gravity (W = mg), while mass is the amount of matter.

Hooke's Law

• Statement: Force exerted by a spring is proportional to its displacement.

  • Equation: F = -kx

Heat and Temperature

Specific Heat Capacity

• Definition: Amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C.

Thermal Expansion

• Definition: Increase in size due to temperature rise.

Temperature Limits

Absolute Zero

• Definition: The lowest possible temperature where molecular motion stops (0 K or -273.15°C).

Conservation of Energy

• Statement: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted.

Projectile Motion

• Definition: An object moving through air under the influence of gravity only.

Torque

• Definition: A force causing rotational motion.

  • Formula: Torque = Force x Distance

Angular Momentum

• Equation: Angular Momentum = Moment of Inertia x Angular Velocity

Efficiency

• Equation: Efficiency = (Useful Energy Output / Total Energy Input) x 100%

Frequency and Period

• Relationship: Frequency = 1 / Period

  • Equation: f = 1/T

Ohm's Law

• Equation: Voltage = Current x Resistance

  • Equation: V = IR

Units in Electricity

Resistance

• Unit: Ohm

Conductors and Insulators

• Conductor: A material allowing electric charge flow (e.g., metals).

• Insulator: A material resisting electric charge flow (e.g., rubber, glass).

Types of Current

• AC vs DC Current: AC changes direction; DC flows in one direction.

Transformers

• Definition: Device that changes the voltage of alternating current.

Waves and Sound

Doppler Effect

• Definition: Change in wave frequency relative to observer's motion.

Interference

Constructive Interference

• Definition: Waves combine to form larger amplitude.

Destructive Interference

• Definition: Waves combine to cancel each other out.

Light Behavior

Snell's Law

• Purpose: Describes how light bends when entering a new medium.

  • Equation: n1 sin(θ1) = n2 sin(θ2)

Total Internal Reflection

• Definition: Light is completely reflected within a medium.

Gravitational Force

• Equation: F_G = (m1 m2)/r²