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1. Nursing Knowledge

• Ways of Knowing (Carper’s Patterns):
  

  • Empirical: Scientific, fact-based knowledge.

  • Ethical: Moral reasoning, what is “right,” just, and responsible.

  • Personal: Self-awareness, empathy, therapeutic use of self.

  • Aesthetic: The art of nursing—intuition, empathy, creativity.

  • Emancipatory: Social justice lens—recognizing and addressing inequities.

• Nursing as a Profession:
  

  • Requires specialized knowledge, is self-regulated, bound by ethical codes.

  • Involves lifelong learning and service to society.

• Nursing as a Discipline:
  

  • Has a distinct body of knowledge and theoretical foundations.

  • Generates knowledge through research and guides practice.

• Nursing as a Science:
  

  • Draws from biological, behavioral, and social sciences.

  • Uses evidence-based practice to inform care.

2. Nursing Theory

• Levels of Theoretical Knowledge:
  

  • Concepts: Basic ideas (e.g., health, illness).

  • Conceptual Frameworks: Organizing structures.

  • Theories: Explain/predict phenomena.

  • Models: Visual representations.

• Metaparadigm Concepts:
  

  • Person: Recipient of care.

  • Environment: Internal/external surroundings.

  • Health: Wellness-illness continuum.

  • Nursing: Actions and characteristics of the nurse.

• Why Theories?
  

  • Guide practice, education, and research.

  • Help nurses interpret situations and make decisions.

• Types of Theory:
  

  • Grand: Broad, abstract (e.g., Roy, Neuman).

  • Middle-Range: More focused, applicable to practice (e.g., Comfort, Chronic Sorrow).

  • Caring: Core to nursing (e.g., Watson, Swanson).

  • Critical: Social justice, feminism, postcolonialism, intersectionality.

• Caring in Nursing:
  

  • Emphasizes relationship-centered care.

  • Barriers: Task-oriented care, time constraints, tech, resources.

• Grand Theorists:
  

  • Nightingale: Environment influences health.

  • Henderson: 14 basic needs.

  • Peplau: Interpersonal relationships in nursing.

  • Neuman: Systems model, stressors.

  • Roy: Adaptation model.

  • Parse: Human becoming theory—subjective experiences.

• Middle-Range Theories:
  

  • Comfort (Kolcaba): Relief, ease, transcendence in 4 contexts (physical, psychospiritual, environmental, sociocultural).

  • Chronic Sorrow (Eakes): Persistent grief due to ongoing loss, triggered cyclically.

• Critical Theory Lenses:
  

  • Feminism: Gender equity, inclusive care.

  • Postcolonialism: Colonial legacies affect care equity.

  • Post-structuralism: Language, identity, and power are fluid.

  • Intersectionality: Examines overlapping social identities.

3. Scholarly Writing

• Why It’s Important:
  

  • Communicates ideas clearly and professionally.

  • Builds credibility, supports critical thinking and advocacy.

• APA 7 Basics:
  

  • Title page: Running head (for student paper), title, name, institution, course, instructor, date.

  • In-text citation: (Author, year) or Author (year).

  • Reference page: Hanging indent, alphabetical, double-spaced.

  • Avoid patchwriting; distinguish between quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing.

4. Teaching and Learning

a)

Theories of Learning

:

• Behaviourism:
  

  • Learning via rewards/punishment.

  • Teacher-centered, passive learner.

• Cognitivism:
  

  • Mental processes like memory and perception matter.

  • Use of repetition, visual aids, and summaries.

• Humanism:
  

  • Learner-centered, driven by motivation and emotions.

  • Emphasizes self-actualization and personal growth.

b)

Assessing Learning Needs & Styles

:

• Teaching Process:
  

  1. Assess learning needs.

  2. Set goals.

  3. Choose strategies.

  4. Implement teaching.

  5. Evaluate outcomes.

• Determinants of Learning:
  

  1. What: Assessment of learning needs.

  2. When: Readiness to learn (physical, emotional, experiential, knowledge-based).

  3. How: Learning style (Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic).

• Nurse’s Role:
  

  1. Create a patient-centered learning environment.

  2. Collaborate with clients and families.

5. Nursing Informatics and Technology

• Definition:
  

  • Integration of nursing science, computer science, and info science to manage and communicate data.

• Benefits:
  

  • Improved care consistency, time-saving, better communication, reduced duplication.

• Applications:
  

  • EMRs, telehealth, point-of-care tech (e.g., glucose monitors, IV pumps), mHealth.

• Ethical/Professional Issues:
  

  • BCCNM: Maintain privacy, confidentiality, evidence-based use.

  • Nurses must balance clinical judgment with technology.

6. Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC)

• Definition:
  

  • Partnership involving healthcare providers, patients, families, and communities working collaboratively.

• 6 CIHC Competency Domains:
  

  • Role Clarification: Understand own and others’ roles.

  • Team Functioning: Collaborate and share decision-making.

  • Patient/Client/Family/Community-Centered Care.

  • Collaborative Leadership: Shared leadership roles.

  • Interprofessional Communication: Use tools like SBAR.

  • Interprofessional Conflict Resolution.

• Benefits:
  

  • Improved patient safety and satisfaction.

  • Reduced readmissions and healthcare costs.

  • Better provider communication and morale.