Vocabulary from Lecture Notes – Pages 1–2

Page 1 – Core Definitions

• dependent
• Meaning: reliant on someone or something for support.
• Example sentence: “Children are 100\% dependent on their parents for basic needs.”
• Significance: Highlights relationships of support-need; frequently paired with concepts of independence/ autonomy.

• morally
• Meaning: ethically, in a manner concerned with right and wrong.
• Philosophical tie-in: Relates to normative ethics (e.g., utilitarian vs. deontological viewpoints).

• appetite
• Meaning: desire for food; figuratively, any strong desire (“appetite for knowledge”).
• Practical implication: Studied in nutrition & psychology as a driver of eating behaviour.

• unpunctual
• Meaning: late, not observing scheduled or agreed-upon times.
• Workplace relevance: Chronic unpunctuality can deteriorate (see verb below) professional reputation.

• intellect
• Meaning: the mind, especially in its capacity for thinking and reasoning.
• Connection to previous lectures: Fits Bloom’s taxonomy’s “cognitive domain.”

Additional Verbs / Adjectives (Exercise 1)

• to deteriorate
• Meaning: to get worse, to decline gradually.
• Example: “Metal left in rain deteriorates through oxidation.”

• to poison
• Meaning: to kill or harm with a substance causing death.
• Ethical issue: Historical use in warfare; modern regulation via food-safety laws.

• irritable
• Meaning: easily annoyed or ill-tempered.
• Health relevance: Can be symptomatic of stress or certain diseases (e.g., IBS).

• gradually
• Meaning: slowly, little by little.
• Statistical modelling: Often represented by a gentle slope in a time-series graph y = mx + b with small m.

• to neglect
• Meaning: to ignore or overlook.
• Social implication: Parental neglect is a form of child abuse in legal contexts.

• to disregard
• Meaning: synonym for “to ignore,” but often stresses conscious dismissal.
• Example: “Management disregarded safety warnings.”

• judgment
• Meaning: opinion or decision; in law, the final ruling by a court.
• Cognitive science: Relates to heuristics & biases (Kahneman & Tversky).

• progressively
• Meaning: increasingly, step-by-step forward.
• Mathematical cue: Series that grows as a, a+d, a+2d, … is progressively larger.

Sample Exercise Prompts (Page 1)

1. “Her husband became irritable when he was not working.”
2. “Food at Marks & Spencer stores can progressively deteriorate if improperly stored.”

(Original worksheet left several blanks; above illustrate correct contextual fits.)

Page 2 – Expanded Vocabulary

• to assume
• Meaning: to suppose something without proof.
• Cognitive bias: Links to “premature closure” in clinical reasoning.

• to misjudge
• Meaning: to underestimate or form an incorrect opinion.
• Legal context: A driver may misjudge distance, causing accidents.

• to fit
• Meaning: to be suitable or proper; also “to be the right size.”
• Statistical note: In regression, we “fit” a line \hat y = b0 + b1x to data.

• janitor
• Meaning: doorkeeper or building caretaker.
• Workplace hierarchy: Often reported through facilities management.

• embarrassment
• Meaning: shame or self-conscious discomfort.
• Psychological angle: Triggers blushing; studied under social emotions.

• inmate
• Meaning: a person confined with others in a prison.
• Criminology: Population statistics often expressed per 100{,}000 inhabitants.

• bachelor
• Meaning: an unmarried man.
• Sociological trend: Rising average age of first marriage.

• to occupy
• Meaning: to have or hold (space, time, a position).
• Example: “She occupies the role of CFO.”

• to discover
• Meaning: to learn or find out something previously unknown.
• Scientific method: Discovery often follows observation → hypothesis → experiment.

• intimate
• Meaning: very close (adj.); can also mean “to imply gently” (verb).
• Ethical note: Confidential information shared between intimates warrants trust.

• senior citizen
• Meaning: elderly person, especially retired (>65 years in many policies).
• Policy relevance: Eligible for social-security benefits.

• in a sense
• Meaning: partly; in one way of looking at it.
• Discourse marker: Signals nuance or limited agreement.

• judge
• Meaning: public official with authority to hear and decide cases in court.
• Separation of powers: Judicial branch in constitutional structure.

Exercise Highlight (Page 2)

1. “He sees himself as occupying a position at the bottom of an organization which heavily emphasizes hierarchy.”

2. Disk-storage example: “If you have large amounts of data to back up (more than will fit on the six diskettes)…” — exemplifies correct use of fit.

Cross-Connections & Real-World Implications

• Moral vs. Legal Judgment – Words like morally, judge, judgment intersect where ethics meets jurisprudence.

• Progressive Deterioration & Gradual Change – Concepts apply in health (disease progression), engineering (material fatigue), and economics (inflation).
• Often modelled using exponential decay y = Ae^{-kt} or linear decline y = mx + c.

• Dependence and Neglect – Social-service frameworks monitor vulnerable dependents to prevent neglect, aligning vocabulary with public-policy modules.

• Embarrassment & Intimate Relationships – Emotional vocabulary bridges linguistics with psychology, explaining why self-disclosure requires trust.

Study Tips

• Create flashcards pairing each term with synonyms, antonyms, and an original sentence.
• Group verbs (assume, misjudge, occupy) and adjectives (irritable, unpunctual) to practice tense changes.
• Use spaced repetition: review at 1-, 3-, and 7-day intervals to transfer to long-term memory.