terms 27-35

Chapter 27:

• Big Sister Policy – A U.S. foreign policy to rally Latin American nations under American leadership and open markets to American goods.

• McKinley Tariff – A high tariff that raised import taxes to protect American industries, but hurt farmers.

• Rough Riders – A volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War, famous for their charge at San Juan Hill.

• Teller Amendment – A promise that the U.S. wouldn’t annex Cuba after helping them win independence from Spain.

• Anti-Imperialist League – A group opposing American expansion, arguing it violated the nation’s founding principles of self-government.

• Foraker Act – Law that established a civilian government in Puerto Rico, but didn’t give Puerto Ricans full citizenship.

• Insular Cases – Supreme Court rulings stating that constitutional rights didn’t automatically apply to territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

• Platt Amendment – Allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuba’s affairs and control its foreign treaties, limiting Cuban sovereignty.

• Open Door Note – A U.S. proposal to keep China open for trade with all nations equally, preventing colonial domination.

• Boxer Rebellion – An anti-foreigner uprising in China, which the U.S. and other nations helped suppress.

• Roosevelt Corollary – An addition to the Monroe Doctrine declaring the U.S. could intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.

• James G. Blaine – A U.S. Secretary of State who promoted closer ties with Latin America through economic and political agreements.

Chapter 28:

• Progressivism – A reform movement aiming to address social issues like corruption, labor rights, and inequality.

• Social Gospel – A religious movement that emphasized helping the poor and promoting social justice as part of Christian duty.

• Muckrakers – Investigative journalists who exposed corruption, unfair practices, and social issues.

• Initiative – A political process allowing citizens to propose and vote on laws directly.

• Referendum – A process where voters can approve or reject laws passed by legislatures.

• Australian Ballot – A secret ballot that reduced voter intimidation and corruption.

• Muller v. Oregon – A court case that upheld laws limiting women’s work hours to protect their health.

• Elkins Act – Law that ended railroad rebates to powerful customers, promoting fair pricing.

• Meat Inspection Act – Required federal inspection of meat processing plants to ensure food safety.

• Pure Food and Drug Act – Banned mislabeling and unsafe ingredients in food and medicine.

• Dollar Diplomacy – A foreign policy encouraging U.S. investment in other nations to boost American influence.

• New Nationalism – Theodore Roosevelt’s platform promoting a strong federal government to regulate businesses and support social reforms.

• Ida Tarbell – A muckraker who exposed the corrupt business practices of John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company.

• Robert La Follette – A Progressive governor and senator who pushed for political and social reforms like direct primaries and tax reform.

• Gifford Pinchot – A conservationist and head of the U.S. Forest Service who promoted sustainable use of natural resources.

• John Muir – A naturalist and advocate for preserving wilderness areas, helping establish national parks like Yosemite.

Chapter 29:

• Underwood Tariff – A law that lowered tariffs and introduced a graduated income tax.

• Federal Reserve Act – Established the Federal Reserve system to regulate banks and manage the money supply.

• Federal Trade Commission Act – Created the FTC to prevent unfair business practices and promote competition.

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act – Strengthened antitrust laws to break up monopolies and protect labor unions from prosecution.

• Jones Act – Promised eventual independence to the Philippines after stable government was established.

• Lusitania – A British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine, killing Americans and pushing the U.S. closer to WWI.

• Zimmerman Note – A secret German telegram proposing an alliance with Mexico against the U.S., fueling support for war.

• Fourteen Points – Woodrow Wilson’s peace plan for WWI, promoting self-determination, free trade, and the League of Nations.

• Espionage Act – A law that punished anti-war activities and spying during WWI.

• Schenck v. United States – Supreme Court ruling that limited free speech if it posed a "clear and present danger."

• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) – A radical labor union that sought to unite all workers for major social change.

• Nineteenth Amendment – Granted women the right to vote.

• Great Migration – The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities for jobs and better treatment.

• League of Nations – An international organization created after WWI to promote peace, though the U.S. never joined.

• Treaty of Versailles – The treaty that ended WWI, punishing Germany harshly and creating tensions leading to WWII.

• Eugene V. Debs – A socialist leader and labor activist who was jailed for speaking against WWI.

• William Haywood – A prominent IWW leader advocating for industrial unionism and workers' rights.

Chapter 30:

• Bolshevik Revolution – The 1917 communist revolution in Russia that led to the Soviet Union.

• Red Scare – A wave of fear about communism spreading in the U.S. after WWI.

• American System – A strategy promoting protective tariffs, a national bank, and infrastructure improvements to grow the economy.

• Immigration Act of 1924 – A law severely limiting immigration from southern and eastern Europe.

• Eighteenth Amendment – Established Prohibition, banning alcohol sales and production.

• Volstead Act – Enforced Prohibition, though it was widely ignored and led to organized crime.

• Fundamentalism – A religious movement that emphasized a literal interpretation of the Bible, opposing modern scientific ideas.

• Scientific Management – A system to improve efficiency by studying workflows, pioneered by Frederick Taylor.

• Fordism – A manufacturing system combining assembly lines and high wages, revolutionizing mass production.

• United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) – Marcus Garvey’s movement promoting Black pride, self-reliance, and returning to Africa.

• Modernism – A cultural movement embracing new ideas in art, science, and social norms.

• Harlem Renaissance – A flourishing of Black art, music, and culture centered in Harlem, New York.

• A. Mitchell Palmer – Attorney General who led controversial raids against suspected communists and radicals.

• Sacco and Vanzetti – Two Italian anarchists controversially convicted and executed for murder, symbolizing prejudice against immigrants.

• Margaret Sanger – A pioneer in birth control advocacy, helping lead to the creation of Planned Parenthood.

• Langston Hughes – A leading poet and writer of the Harlem Renaissance, celebrating Black culture and life.

Chapter 31:

• Adkins v. Children’s Hospital – A Supreme Court case that overturned minimum wage laws for women, arguing they had equal rights after the 19th Amendment.

• Nine-Power Treaty – A 1922 agreement among major world powers to respect China’s sovereignty and keep an open-door trade policy.

• Kellogg-Briand Pact – A treaty that outlawed war as a means of resolving disputes, though it lacked enforcement.

• Teapot Dome Scandal – A major corruption scandal where government officials illegally leased oil reserves for bribes.

• Dawes Plan – A U.S. plan to help Germany repay its WWI debts by restructuring its loans.

• Hawley-Smoot Tariff – A high tariff that worsened the Great Depression by reducing international trade.

• Black Tuesday – The stock market crash of 1929 that triggered the Great Depression.

• Hoovervilles – Shantytowns built by homeless people during the Great Depression, named after President Hoover’s failed policies.

• Reconstruction Finance Corporation – A government agency that provided loans to banks and businesses to combat the Great Depression.

• Bonus Army – WWI veterans who marched on Washington to demand early bonuses but were violently removed by the government.

• Alfred Smith – A Catholic, anti-Prohibition presidential candidate in 1928 who lost due to religious and cultural tensions.

Chapter 32:

• Brain Trust – A group of advisors who helped Franklin D. Roosevelt shape the New Deal policies.

• New Deal – A series of government programs aimed at economic recovery during the Great Depression.

• Hundred Days – The first months of FDR’s presidency, marked by a flurry of legislation to combat the Depression.

• Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act – Separated commercial and investment banking to prevent risky financial speculation.

• Dust Bowl – A severe drought and farming crisis in the Great Plains that led to mass migrations.

• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – A government program that built dams and provided electricity in the South.

• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – A work relief program that employed young men in environmental conservation projects.

• Social Security Act – Established a retirement pension system and unemployment insurance.

• Wagner Act – Strengthened labor rights by protecting unions and collective bargaining.

• Court-Packing Plan – FDR’s failed attempt to add more justices to the Supreme Court to pass his policies.

• Keynesianism – An economic theory that supports government spending to stimulate demand during recessions.

• Harry Hopkins – A key New Deal advisor who led major relief programs like the Works Progress Administration (WPA).

• Father Charles Coughlin – A radio priest who criticized the New Deal for not going far enough in helping the poor.

• Francis E. Townsend – A doctor who proposed a plan to give elderly citizens monthly pensions, influencing Social Security.

• Huey Long – A populist politician who promoted the "Share Our Wealth" program before his assassination.

• Frances Perkins – The first female Cabinet member, serving as Secretary of Labor and shaping Social Security.

Chapter 33:

• London Economic Conference – A 1933 international meeting to address global economic problems, which the U.S. refused to join.

• Good Neighbor Policy – FDR’s policy of non-intervention and improved relations with Latin America.

• Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act – Allowed the president to negotiate lower tariffs to boost trade.

• Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937 – Laws that aimed to keep the U.S. out of foreign wars by banning arms sales to warring nations.

• Appeasement – The policy of giving concessions to aggressive countries like Nazi Germany to avoid war.

• Hitler-Stalin Pact – A non-aggression agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union, leading to WWII.

• Neutrality Act of 1939 – Allowed the U.S. to sell weapons to Allied nations on a "cash-and-carry" basis.

• Lend-Lease Bill – A program that sent U.S. weapons and supplies to Allied nations before officially joining WWII.

• Atlantic Charter – A joint declaration by FDR and Churchill outlining post-WWII goals like self-determination and global peace.

Chapter 34:

• Executive Order No. 9066 – Authorized the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.

• War Productions Board – Managed industrial production to support the war effort.

• Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act – Gave the government power to take over industries if labor strikes threatened war production.

• Bracero Program – A deal with Mexico to bring temporary agricultural workers to the U.S. during WWII labor shortages.

• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) – A civil rights group advocating for racial equality through nonviolent protests.

• D-Day – The Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, marking the turning point in WWII.

• V-E Day – Victory in Europe Day (May 8, 1945), celebrating Nazi Germany’s surrender.

• Potsdam Conference – A meeting of Allied leaders setting post-war terms for Germany and warning Japan to surrender.

• Manhattan Project – A secret U.S. project that developed the atomic bomb.

• V-J Day – Victory over Japan Day (August 15, 1945), marking Japan’s surrender and the end of WWII.

• Douglas MacArthur – A key U.S. general in the Pacific War, later overseeing Japan’s post-war reconstruction.

• Albert Einstein – His theories contributed to the development of the atomic bomb through his warning to FDR about Nazi research.

Chapter 35:

• Yalta Conference – A WWII meeting where the Allies planned Germany’s post-war division and the formation of the United Nations.

• Cold War – The decades-long political and military tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

• Bretton Woods Conference – Established global financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank.

• United Nations – An international organization formed to maintain peace and cooperation after WWII.

• Berlin Airlift – The U.S. response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin, supplying the city with food and supplies.

• Truman Doctrine – A policy pledging U.S. support to countries resisting communism, starting with Greece and Turkey.

• Containment Doctrine – The U.S. strategy to stop the spread of communism by supporting non-communist countries.

• Marshall Plan – A massive U.S. aid program to rebuild war-torn European economies and prevent communist influence.

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – A military alliance between Western nations to counter Soviet threats.

• NSC-68 – A secret report recommending a massive military buildup to contain Soviet expansion.

• House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – A congressional committee investigating suspected communists in the U.S. government and Hollywood.

• McCarthyism – The practice of making reckless accusations of communism, led by Senator Joseph McCarthy.

• Executive Order 9981 – Desegregated the U.S. military under President Truman.

• Taft-Hartley Act – Restricted labor unions' power by banning certain strikes and requiring loyalty oaths.

• GI Bill – Provided education and housing benefits to WWII veterans.

• Fair Deal – Truman’s domestic policy agenda to expand social welfare programs and civil rights.

• Sunbelt – A region in the South and West that experienced economic and population growth after WWII.

• Levittown – The first large-scale suburban housing development, symbolizing postwar suburbanization.

• Baby Boom – A surge in births after WWII, shaping U.S. demographics for decades.