Civil Rights Movement - a nonviolent social movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 to abolish legalized racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement throughout the United States

Letter from Birmingham Jail - a letter by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. stating people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and take direct action instead of waiting for social and racial justice through the court system ; “injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere”

Women’s Rights Movement - a nonviolent social movement and campaign during the 1960s and 1970s to address gender equality and discrimination with a focus on equal employment and pay, reproductive rights, and discrimination in employment and education

National Organization of Women (NOW) - a feminist organization which lobbies for gender equality

LGBTQ rights - political and social rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender individuals ; gains have been made for same-sex activities and behaviors, same-sex marriage, and discrimination in employment ; opposition to transgender and gender identity continues 

Pro-life movement - an anti-abortion movement based on moral and religious grounds supporting legal restrictions and prohibitions on abortions with many believing life begins at conception

Pro-choice movement - a movement supporting the view that women should have the legal right to an elective abortion based on a recognized right to privacy

Brown v. Board of Education - declared that race-based school segregation violates the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause ; overturned Plessy v. Ferguson

Civil Rights Act of 1964 -  prohibits discrimination in public places, provides for the integration of schools and other public facilities, and makes employment discrimination illegal

Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 - prohibits sex discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance

Voting Rights Act of 1965 - prohibits racial discrimination in voting

Separate but equal doctrine - State laws and Supreme Court decisions restricting African American access to the same restaurants, hotels, schools, etc., as the majority white population

Majority-minority districting - drawing an electoral district in which the majority of constituents are racial or ethnic minorities

Affirmative Action - policies intended to address workplace and educational disparities related to race, ethnic origin, gender, disability, and age ; Supreme Court debate has focused on whether affirmative action is protected by the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution

Civil rights - protect individuals from discrimination based on characteristics such as race, national origin, religion, and sex; these rights are guaranteed to all persons under the due process and equal protection clauses of the U.S. Constitution, as well as acts of Congress.

De jure segregation - Racial segregation that is required by law

De facto segregation - Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement.

Civil disobedience - Opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resulting punishment.

Rational basis: pg. 141 - If the policy uses reasonable means to achieve a legitimate government goal, it is constitutional.

Intermediate scrutiny pg. 141 - If the polocy serves an important government interest and is substantially related to serving that interest, it is constitutional. 

Strict scrutiny pg. 141 - To be constitutional, the discrimination must serve a compelling government interest, must be narrowly tailored to attain that interest and it must use the least restrictive means to attain it.

Police powers - State power to affect laws promoting health, safety, and morals.

Reverse discrimination - Using race to sex to give preferential treatment to some people.