VO

Chapter+9

Chapter Overview

  • Focus: Energy Balance and Healthy Body Weight

  • Important questions addressed:

    • Does normal body weight mean good health?

    • What factors influence overall health?

    • How to improve health and support reasonable body weight?

Learning Objectives

  • Health Risks

    • Outline health risks of deficient and excessive body fat.

  • Energy Balance

    • Explain concept of energy balance.

  • Body Weight vs. Body Composition

    • Contrast body weight with body composition.

  • Appetite Regulation

    • Identify factors affecting appetite.

  • Obesity Theories

    • Summarize inside-the-body and outside-the-body theories of obesity.

  • Metabolic Events

    • Describe metabolic events in energy deficit and surplus.

  • Weight Management Strategies

    • Summarize measures for achieving and maintaining healthy body weight.

  • Obesity Medication and Surgery

    • Describe benefits and risks of obesity medications and surgeries.

  • Behavior Change Importance

    • Justify the importance of behavior change methods for weight management.

  • Eating Disorders

    • Outline risk factors, symptoms, and treatments of eating disorders.

Body Fat and Health Risks

  • Too Little Body Fat

    • Underweight, wasting disease.

  • Too Much Body Fat

    • Overweight, obesity, and chronic diseases.

  • Emphasis on body composition.

Prevalence of Body Weight Categories (U.S. Adults)

  • Underweight (BMI < 18.5): 1.5%

  • Obese (BMI 30–39.9): 42.4%

  • Severely obese (BMI ≥ 40): 9.2%

Body Fat Distribution

  • Influences obesity risks:

    • Visceral Fat: Central obesity, metabolic syndrome.

    • Subcutaneous Fat: Apple vs. pear profiles.

Evaluating Risks from Obesity

  • BMI indicators:

    • 30 indicates need for treatment.

    • 25-29.9 + risk factors indicates need for treatment.

    • Waist circumference thresholds: >35 in women, >40 in men.

Discussion Topics

  • Can a person with obesity be healthy?

  • Are all people at a healthy body weight healthy?

  • Key insights:

    • Healthy traits can exist in individuals with obesity.

    • Normal weight does not imply metabolic health.

Energy Balance Concept

  • Formula: Energy in = Energy out.

  • Factors affecting energy in and out: food intake, lifestyle, metabolism.

Energy Output Components

  • Basal metabolism, voluntary activities, thermic effect of food.

  • Modifying energy output through lean body mass and physical activity.

Body Composition vs. Body Weight

  • Importance of distinguishing between weight and fat composition.

  • BMI Ranges:

    • Underweight: <18.5

    • Overweight: 25-29.9

    • Obesity: ≥30

    • Limitations of BMI as a health indicator.

Measuring Body Composition

  • Methods:

    • Skinfold test, waist circumference, DEXA scans.

Appetite Regulation

  • Distinction between hunger and appetite.

  • Factors influencing appetite: hormonal influences, stomach, brain responses.

Theories of Obesity

  • Inside-the-Body: Set-point theory, genetics, microbiota influence.

  • Outside-the-Body: Environmental factors, availability of food, sedentary lifestyles.

Achieving a Healthy Body Weight

  • Strategies involve:

    • Healthy eating patterns, regular physical activity, behavior modification.

    • Importance of setting realistic goals.

Weight Management Techniques

  • Weight Loss:

    • Appropriate calorie intake, portion awareness, meal spacing.

  • Weight Gain:

    • High-energy density foods, regular meals, physical activity.

Medical Treatment of Obesity

  • Options: medications, dietary supplements, obesity surgery.

  • Understanding benefits and risks associated with treatments.

Eating Disorders Overview

  • Types: Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder.

  • Importance of recognizing characteristics in athletes and addressing negative body image.