Work and Energy Textbook

Motion, Work, Energy, and Power

Overview of Concepts

• The chapter introduces the concepts of work, energy, and power, essential for understanding natural phenomena.

• These concepts relate to the life processes of living beings, requiring energy that primarily comes from food.

• Energy is necessary for various activities like playing, running, working, etc.

Work

Scientific Definition of Work

• Common vs. Scientific Use:

  • In daily life, working hard is equated with doing work.

  • In science, work is defined based on physical criteria: work is done when a force causes displacement.

• Example Cases:

  • Kamali studying = hard work but little scientific work if there’s no displacement.

  • Pushing a rock that does not move = no work done despite effort.

  • Climbing a staircase involves work due to displacement.

Conditions for Work to be Done

• Two Conditions:

  • A force must act on the object.

  • The object must be displaced.

• If either condition isn’t met, work is not done.

Mathematical Definition of Work

• Formula:Work Done (W) = Force (F) × Displacement (s)

  If force acts in the direction of displacement:

  • W = F × s

• Units of Work:

  • SI Unit: Joule (J)

  • 1 Joule = 1 Newton × 1 Meter
    1 Joule is defined as the amount of work done when a force of 1 Newton causes an object to move a distance of 1 Meter. This is a fundamental unit of work in the International System of Units (SI).

Energy

Energy as Work Capability

• An object possessing energy can do work:

  • When a force is exerted, energy is transferred.

• Unit of Energy: Same as work, measured in Joules (J).

Forms of Energy

• Various types of energy exist:

  • Mechanical (kinetic + potential)

  • Heat

  • Chemical

  • Electrical

  • Light

Kinetic Energy

Definition

• Kinetic Energy (KE) is the energy a body possesses due to its motion.

• Formula:

  • KE = 1/2 m v²

    • Where m = mass and v = velocity.

Examples and Calculations

• Example: A 15 kg object moving at 4 m/s has KE = 1/2 × 15 kg × (4 m/s)² = 120 J.

Potential Energy

Definition

• Potential Energy (PE) is the energy stored in an object due to its position or state.

• Gravitational Potential Energy:

  • Formula: PE = mg h

    • Where m = mass, g = acceleration due to gravity, h = height.

Conservation of Energy

• Law of Conservation of Energy:

  • Energy can be transformed from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed.

  • Total energy remains constant in an isolated system.

Power

Definition

Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred:

• Formula: Power (P) = Work (W)/Time (t)

Units of Power

• SI Unit: Watt (W)

  • 1 Watt = 1 Joule/second

  • Larger units: Kilowatt (1 kW = 1000 W)

Examples of Work and Energy Transformations

• Various activities demonstrate the concepts:

  • Climbing stairs involves work against gravity (increased potential energy).

  • A moving object can do work due to its kinetic energy (like a bullet or flowing water).

Applications and Exercises

• Real-world applications illustrate these concepts (e.g., energy from machines, biological processes).

• Activities and exercises encourage reasoning about scenarios involving work, energy transformation, and conservation.

The statement that total energy remains constant in an isolated system reflects the principle of the law of conservation of energy. This law states that energy can be transformed from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed, thereby ensuring that the total energy within an isolated system remains constant.