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Period 6 APUSH Vocab
Assembly line: A manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create a finished product more efficiently.
Haymarket Riot: A labor protest in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, leading to the deaths of several people and the subsequent trial and execution of anarchist leaders.
American Federation of Labor (AFL): A national federation of labor unions in the United States founded in 1886, focusing on skilled workers and collective bargaining.
Civil Rights cases: A series of 1883 Supreme Court cases that declared the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional, limiting federal protection against racial discrimination.
“Cross of Gold” speech: A famous speech by William Jennings Bryan advocating for bimetallism (using both gold and silver as monetary standards) during the 1896 Democratic National Convention.
Homestead Strike: A violent labor dispute in 1892 at Carnegie Steel's Homestead plant in Pennsylvania between the company and the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers.
Socialist Party: A political party in the United States advocating for public ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods.
Chinese Exclusion Act: An 1882 law that prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States.
Ghost Dance: A religious movement among Native Americans in the late 19th century that promised the restoration of their lands and way of life.
Pullman Strike: A nationwide railroad strike in 1894 led by the American Railway Union against the Pullman Company, which was suppressed by federal troops.
National American Woman Suffrage Association: An organization founded in 1890 to advocate for women's right to vote.
Dawes Act: An 1887 law that aimed to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual allotments.
Gilded Age: A period in U.S. history (late 19th century) characterized by rapid economic growth, industrialization, and often stark social inequalities.
Wounded Knee Massacre: The 1890 massacre of over 200 Lakota Sioux by U.S. Army troops in South Dakota, marking the end of the Indian Wars.
Andrew Carnegie: A wealthy industrialist and philanthropist who led the expansion of the American steel industry.
Interstate Commerce Act: An 1887 law that regulated the railroad industry, particularly monopolistic practices.
Gold standard: A monetary system where a country's currency or paper money has a value directly linked to gold.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: A 1911 factory fire in New York City that killed 146 garment workers, leading to improved safety regulations.
Benjamin Harrison: The 23rd President of the United States (1889-1893), known for his support of protective tariffs.
Jim Crow Laws: State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.
Gospel of Wealth: An essay by Andrew Carnegie arguing that the wealthy have a moral obligation to distribute their wealth in ways that promote the welfare and happiness of the common man.
Booker T. Washington: An African American educator and leader who advocated for vocational education and economic self-reliance.
McKinley Tariff: An 1890 tariff that raised import duties to protect American industries.
Laissez-faire economics: An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in the economy.
“Boss” Tweed: A political boss in New York City who led the Tammany Hall political machine and was notorious for corruption.
Open Door Policy: A U.S. policy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries advocating for equal trading rights in China.
Monopolies: Companies that dominate an industry, often leading to reduced competition and higher prices.
Chester A. Arthur: The 21st President of the United States (1881-1885), known for civil service reform.
Pendleton Civil Service Act: An 1883 law that established a merit-based system for federal employment.
New South: A post-Civil War movement advocating for the modernization and industrialization of the Southern economy.
Chief Joseph: A leader of the Nez Perce tribe who led his people in a resistance against U.S. government forces.
Plessy v. Ferguson: An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.
Political bosses: Leaders of political machines who controlled local politics through patronage and corruption.
Colored Farmers’ Alliance: An organization of African American farmers advocating for economic and political reforms.
Sherman Antitrust Act: An 1890 law aimed at preventing monopolies and promoting competition.
Referendum: A direct vote by the electorate on a particular proposal or issue.
Cornelius Vanderbilt: A wealthy industrialist and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.
Muller v. Oregon: A 1908 Supreme Court case that upheld limits on working hours for women.
Silver standard: A monetary system where a country's currency is backed by silver. Favored by famrers and debtors.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: A leader of the women's suffrage movement and co-author of the Declaration of Sentiments.
Subtreasury plan: A Populist proposal to establish government-owned warehouses where farmers could store crops and obtain loans.
Social Darwinism: The application of Darwin's theory of natural selection to society, often used to justify social inequalities.
Eugene V. Debs: A labor leader and socialist who ran for president multiple times.
Munn v. Illinois: An 1877 Supreme Court case that upheld the right of states to regulate private industries affecting the public interest.
Social gospel: A Christian intellectual movement that applied Christian ethics to social problems.
Farmers’ Alliances: Organizations that advocated for the interests of farmers, leading to the Populist movement.
Pure Food & Drug Act: A 1906 law that regulated the preparation and sale of food and drugs.
Socialism: A political and economic theory advocating for collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods.
Frederick Jackson Turner: A historian who emphasized the importance of the frontier in American history.
Meat Inspection Act: A 1906 law that mandated federal inspection of meat products.
Temperance: A social movement advocating for the reduction or prohibition of alcohol consumption.
The Grange: A farmers' organization founded in 1867 to promote agricultural interests and social activities.
Tenement housing: Overcrowded, poorly maintained apartment buildings in urban areas.
Grover Cleveland: The 22nd and 24th President of the United States, known for his honesty and fight against corruption.
Trusts: Large business entities formed to reduce competition and control prices.
Ida B. Wells: An African American journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching crusade.
Women’s suffrage: The right of women to vote, achieved nationally in the U.S. in 1920.
James Garfield: The 20th President of the United States, assassinated in 1881.
Yellow journalism: Sensationalist and often exaggerated news reporting.
John D. Rockefeller: An industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Standard Oil Company.
Vertical/horizontal integration: Business strategies where a company controls different stages of production (vertical) or merges with competitors (horizontal).
John Muir: A naturalist and conservationist who founded the Sierra Club.
Alaska: Purchased by the U.S. from Russia in 1867, known as "Seward's Folly."
Muckraker: Journalists who exposed corruption and social issues in the early 20th century.
J.P. Morgan: A financier and banker who played a key role in the industrial consolidation of the U.S.
Hawaii: Annexed by the U.S. in 1898.
The Jungle: A 1906 novel by Upton Sinclair exposing the harsh conditions in the meatpacking industry.
Las Gorras Blancas: A group of Mexican American activists in New Mexico who fought against land encroachment.
Indian reservations: Lands designated for Native American tribes by the U.S. government.
Transcontinental railroad: A railroad line completed in 1869 connecting the eastern and western United States.
Mother Jones: A labor and community organizer who co-founded the Industrial Workers of the World.
Land-grant colleges: Institutions established under the Morrill Act of 1862 to promote agricultural and mechanical education.
Progressivism: A political movement advocating for social and political reform.
Knight of Labor: A labor union founded in 1869 that advocated for a wide range of reforms.
Populist Party: A political party in the 1890s representing farmers and laborers.
Settlement houses: Community centers in urban areas providing social services to immigrants and the poor.
Rutherford B. Hayes: The 19th President of the United States, known for ending Reconstruction.
Samuel Gompers: A labor leader and founder of the American Federation of Labor.
Frederick Taylor: An engineer who promoted scientific management to improve industrial efficiency.
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU): An organization advocating for temperance and women's suffrage.
Margaret Sanger: A birth control activist and founder of Planned Parenthood.
Jane Addams: A social reformer and founder of Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago.
Sierra Club: An environmental organization founded by John Muir in 1892.
“Stalwarts and half-breeds”: Factions within the Republican Party during the Gilded Age.
Standard Oil: A dominant American oil company founded by John D. Rockefeller.
Susan B. Anthony: A leader in the women's suffrage movement.
Tammany Hall: A political machine in New York City known for corruption.
Thomas Edison: An inventor who developed the phonograph, the electric light bulb, and many other devices.
U.S. Steel: A major steel corporation founded by J.P. Morgan.
William H. Seward: Secretary of State who arranged the purchase of Alaska.
William Jennings Bryan: A politician and orator known for his "Cross of Gold" speech.
William McKinley: The 25th President of the United States, known for leading the nation during the Spanish-American War. Assasinated in 1901.
WEB DuBois: An African American intellectual and co-founder of the NAACP.
