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Intro: Tissues, Joints and Terminology - Vocabulary Flashcards

Overview: Tissues, Joints and Terminology

  • Transcript content from a veterinary anatomy lecture series (DVM510 Anatomy I) by Meir M. Barak and team dated 8/17/2025.
  • Includes team members, topic outlines, learning objectives, core concepts, and detailed notes on tissues, bones, joints, membranes, body cavities, and general anatomy terminology.
  • Contains both conceptual explanations and practical examples (e.g., canine/feline joints, anatomical terms, and anatomy references).

Additional info and symbols

  • Blue ribbon slides: "Title ribbon color matches the lecture overview index" and signal special slides.
  • Meaning of blue ribbon slides:
    • Additional info on the topic
    • Text explaining the previous, image-heavy slide
    • Revisiting a relevant slide from a previous lecture
    • Not shown during the lecture
  • Reading material mentioned:
    • Reading xxx
    • Reading material (overview slide)
    • Reading Guide to the Dissection of the Dog: Chapter 1
    • Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy: Chapter 1

Learning objectives (as stated in the lecture)

  • Define and apply directional terminology and topographical planes as they relate to specimens and live animals.
  • Identify and describe the classification, structure, and functions of the boney skeleton. Give examples of each type of bone.
  • Explain how joints are classified functionally and structurally, giving an example of each type.
  • Identify, describe and distinguish the anatomic structure of synovial joints, including any accessory structures associated with them.
  • Identify and describe the types of movements of synovial joints.
  • Compare and contrast the following structures: tendon, ligament, retinaculum and aponeurosis.
  • Describe and distinguish between the epithelium and the different fascial planes of the body. Include any modifications that may be seen (e.g., pads at the level of the manus and the pes).
  • Compare and contrast muscle attachment vs. muscle origin vs. muscle insertion.

Lecture overview (core topics)

  • The language of anatomy
  • Directional terms and body planes
  • Levels of organization
  • Tissue types
  • Bone – general intro
  • Joints – general intro
  • Movements
  • Body cavities
  • Membranes
  • Reading references: Guide to the Dissection of the Dog (Chapter 1); Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy (Chapter 1)

The language of anatomy: relationships with other topics

  • Anatomy = the study of structure; Physiology = the study of function.
  • Structure and function are inseparable as the foundation of medicine; you must know parts before you can understand function.
  • Gross anatomy: structures observable with the naked eye.
  • Topographical anatomy: anatomy of a part in relation to others.
  • Applied anatomy: practical application of topographical anatomy to diagnosis/treatment.
  • Microscopic anatomy (histology): structures too small to see without light microscope.
  • Ultrastructural anatomy: finer detail via electron microscopy.
  • Pathological anatomy: deviations from normal when disease affects function.
  • Embryology: development from fertilized oocyte to birth.
  • Developmental anatomy: development from zygote to adult.
  • Teratology: abnormal development.

Axial and appendicular skeleton terminology

  • Common limb/region terms:
    • brachium = arm
    • antebrachium = forearm
    • thigh = pelvic limb
    • crus = leg
  • Regional terminology (examples):
    • Elbow, Carpal (wrist), Stifle, Hock (ankle), Hip, Shoulder, Forepaw (manus), Hindpaw (pes)
  • Girdles: thoracic girdle, pelvic girdle
  • Proximal vs distal (appendicular skeleton orientation)
  • Note: The slide also shows Proximal/Distal terms and overall appendicular skeleton sections (forelimb and hindlimb).

Affixes and basic word parts (examples)

  • Entero- + -tomy = cutting of the bowel (bowel cutting)
  • extra- / inter- / trans- / intra- are common prefixes in anatomical terminology.
  • Example: entero- + -ectomy = removing part of the bowel.

Directional terms and body planes (core vocabulary)

  • Deep vs Superficial
    • Deep: structures closer to the interior center of the body (e.g., bones in an appendage are deeper than muscles)
    • Superficial: structures closer to the exterior surface (e.g., skin is superficial to underlying muscles)
  • Relative directional terms (for example in the canine thorax): cranial, caudal, dorsal, ventral, rostral, caudal, left, right
  • Limb-specific terms:
    • Palmar (forelimb) vs Plantar (hindlimb)
  • Absolute directional terms (examples):
    • Dorsal vs Ventral
    • Cranial vs Caudal
    • Proximal vs Distal
  • The bands of orientation include: left, right, cranial, caudal, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, rostral (toward nose), caudal (toward tail).

Directional terms and body planes (specific planes)

  • Sagittal plane:
    • Median plane (center sagittal plane)
    • Paramedian plane (left – right, medial - lateral)
  • Transverse plane: perpendicular to the long axis; cranial – caudal; rostral - caudal (for limbs: proximal - distal)
  • Dorsal plane: perpendicular to sagittal and transverse planes; dorsal - ventral (limbs: proximal as applicable); dorsal - palmar (forelimb, distal); dorsal - plantar (hindlimb, distal)

Levels of organization (hierarchy)

  • Gross anatomy vs Physiology vs Histology vs Microanatomy vs Ultrastructure
  • Levels of organization (from smallest to largest):
    • Atoms
    • Molecules
    • Organelles (e.g., mitochondrion)
    • Cell (e.g., muscle fiber)
    • Tissue (e.g., muscle tissue)
    • Organ (e.g., biceps muscle)
    • Organ system (musculoskeletal system)
    • Organism
  • Diagrammatic relationship:
    • Gross anatomy

Tissue types (overview)

  • Epithelial tissue: covering + secretion
  • Nervous tissue: communication & control
  • Muscle tissue: movement
  • Connective tissue: support
  • Note: The histology portion will be covered in more depth later.

Epithelial tissue (I)

  • Functions:
    • Covers body surfaces: exterior (epidermis) and lines many body cavities and ducts (serosa/mucosa)
    • Forms secretions (glands)
  • Context: Epithelial is the first line of defense and functional interface with the environment.

Nervous tissue

  • Main component of CNS and PNS
  • Regulates and controls bodily functions and activity
  • Key structures mentioned: cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, optic nerve

Muscle tissue

  • Muscle fibers are elongated cells specialized to contract in response to stimulation; generate movement
  • Types:
    • Skeletal: large body muscles; striated; multinucleated; voluntary
    • Smooth: visceral muscles; non-striated; single nucleus; involuntary
    • Cardiac: striated; single nucleus; involuntary; branched; intercalated discs
  • Visual reference: emphasizes differences in histology and function across muscle types.

Skeletal muscles: names and usage

  • Use muscle names to convey information:
    • Shape: e.g., trapezius m.
    • Size: e.g., latissimus dorsi m. = 'the widest m. of the back'
    • Relative position: e.g., superficial, middle, deep gluteal muscles
    • Origin and insertion: e.g., sternocephalicus m. = 'sternum head m.'
    • Function: e.g., extensor carpi radialis m. = 'radial extensor of the carpus m.'
    • Structure: e.g., triceps brachii m. = 'three headed m. of the arm'

Fasciae of skeletal muscles

  • Fascia: dense connective tissue sheets separating neighboring muscles or muscle groups, serving multiple roles:
    • Prevents overstretching
    • Carries blood vessels & nerves
  • Muscle envelope organization (from outermost to innermost):
    • Fascia
    • Epimysium (deep to fascia)
    • Muscle
    • Perimysium (surrounds muscle fascicles)
    • Muscle fascicle
    • Endomysium (around individual muscle fibers)
  • Note: Smooth muscles have only endomysium.

Meat tenderness: connective tissue content

  • Tenderness relates to density of dense connective tissue/collagen
  • Younger animals have less connective tissue, making meat more tender (e.g., pigs vs cows)
  • Tenderization methods:
    • Mechanical: meat tenderizers, mallet
    • Chemical: meat tenderizers enzymatically break down proteins in fasciae
    • Cooking: longer cooking times break down proteins in fasciae

Tendons, aponeuroses and related structures

  • Attachments:
    • Skeletal muscles attach to bones directly or via tendons/aponeuroses
  • Key terms:
    • Aponeurosis: flat, sheet-like tendon
    • Origin: usually proximal & fixed point
    • Insertion: usually distal & moving point
  • Examples:
    • Ulnaris lateralis m. in horse; Internal abdominal oblique (note: origin/insertion may vary by species)

Tendons, retinaculum, Bursa, and related structures

  • Tendon: muscle-to-bone attachment;
  • Retinaculum: fibrous band stabilizing tendon movement;
  • Bursa: sac-like structure secreting synovial fluid to reduce tendon friction;
  • Tendon sheath: large, thin bursa wrapped around a tendon to reduce friction;
  • Associations with muscles: often accompany tendons and help manage movement.

Connective tissue in the skeletal system (overview)

  • Components:
    • Bone: strong, flexible framework
    • Cartilage: covers most joint surfaces of bones
    • Ligament: connect bones and other structures/organs
    • Tendons: attach muscle to bone
  • Types of connective tissue: protect/support (bone, cartilage); transportation (blood); binds organs (tendon, ligament); stores energy (adipose)
  • References: Bacha & Bacha; Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology

Bone classification and structure

  • Classification by shape:
    • Long bones (e.g., limbs)
    • Flat bones (e.g., skull bones)
    • Short bones (e.g., sesamoids, carpus/tarsus)
    • Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae, pelvis)
  • Note on sesamoid bones: bones embedded in tendons
  • Cortical (compact) bone: main component of long bones; outer shell; ~5% porosity
  • Trabecular (cancellous, spongy) bone: inside cortical shell; 50–90% porosity
  • Porosity values in LaTeX: ext{porosity}_{ ext{cortical}} \approx 0.05 \text{(5%)}
  • Porosity values in LaTeX: 0.50 \le \text{porosity}_{\text{trabecular}} \le 0.90 \text{(50–90%)}
  • Bone marrow:
    • Red marrow: hematopoietic tissue (in young animals, in nearly every bone)
    • Yellow marrow: fatty; found in adults; does not produce blood
  • Metaphysis: where new bone forms (replaces cartilage)
  • Physis: growth plate (hyline cartilage); a joint
  • Diaphysis: shaft; compact bone; medullary cavity
  • Epiphysis: thin cortex & spongy bone; articular cartilage covers ends
  • Whole bone: includes articular cartilage at ends for articulation

Joints: overview and classification

  • Joints (articulations) connect two or more bones or bone parts; they are often the weakest parts of the skeleton.
  • Major joint classifications:
    • Fibrous (synarthrotic: no movement): Gomphosis, Syndesmosis, Sutures
    • Cartilaginous (amphiarthrotic: slight movement): Synchondrosis, Symphysis
    • Synovial (diarthrotic: free movement): various synovial joints (e.g., stifle, hip, carpus, fetlock, etc.)

Fibrous joints (examples)

  • Gomphosis: socket joint (e.g., tooth–alveolar socket)
  • Syndesmosis: ligamentous joint (regular dense connective tissue)
  • Sutures: joints with irregular dense connective tissue (e.g., skull sutures)

Cartilaginous joints

  • Synchondrosis: joints united by hyaline cartilage
  • Symphysis: joints united by fibrocartilage
  • Examples:
    • Costochondral junction (hyaline cartilage)
    • Growth plate (physis)
    • Pelvic symphysis
    • Intervertebral discs

Synovial joints: structural features

  • Joint capsule components:
    • Fibrous capsule (outer layer)
    • Synovial membrane (inner layer)
    • Joint cavity with synovial fluid
    • Hyaline articular cartilage covers joint surfaces
  • Accessory structures of synovial joints:
    • Fat pads (e.g., infrapatellar fat pad)
    • Accessory/collateral ligaments (extracapsular or intracapsular e.g., cruciate ligaments)
    • Tendons (muscle attachments near joints)
    • Bursa (friction-reducing sacs)
    • Menisci (articular discs; fibrocartilage pads)
    • Articular fat pads (protect cartilage and permit membrane accommodation)
  • Function: provide smooth movement and absorb shock; allow complex movements via different planes

Synovial joints: planes and movement

  • Plane of movement concepts include: spheroidal (ball-and-socket), condylar, saddle, pivot, hinge, ellipsoidal, plane (gliding)
  • Examples described (species context often noted):
    • Spheroidal joint (canine hip joint) – multi-axial
    • Condylar joint (canine stifle) – bi-axial
    • Saddle joint (canine distal interphalangeal) – movement in two axes
    • Pivot joint (bovine atlantoaxial) – uni-axial
    • Hinge joint (equine fetlock) – uniaxial
    • Ellipsoidal (canine carpus) – non-axial/limited gliding
    • Plane joints: articular processes of cervical vertebrae

Synovial joint movements (typical examples)

  • Flexion: decrease joint angle; Extension: increase joint angle; Overextension: beyond normal extension
    • Example: carpus and fetlock joints in horses show flexion/extension patterns
  • Abduction: movement away from the median plane
  • Adduction: movement toward the median plane
  • Circumduction: combination of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction creating a circle/ellipse at the distal limb
  • Internal (medial) rotation: rotates limb so cranial surface moves medially
  • External (lateral) rotation: rotates limb so cranial surface moves laterally
  • Note: in the canine/horses, these rotations and circumduction occur with interplay of several joints along the limb

Body cavities and membranes

  • Body cavities:
    • Cranial cavity + vertebral canal (brain & spinal cord)
    • Thoracic cavity: pleural cavities (lungs), mediastinum, pericardial cavity (heart)
    • Abdominal cavity: GI and related structures; cranial border by the diaphragm
    • Pelvic cavity: rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
    • Abdominopelvic cavity: continuous with abdominal and pelvic cavities
  • Membranes line and divide cavities; common membranes include serous membranes and mucous membranes
  • Serous membranes:
    • Line surfaces that do not open to the outside
    • Composed of connective tissue + epithelial tissue
    • Function: produce lubricating serous fluid to reduce friction
  • Meninges: protective coverings of brain and spinal cord (only connective tissue)
  • Examples of serous membranes in compartments:
    • Pleura: visceral pleura (lung surface) and parietal pleura (cavity walls)
    • Pericardium: visceral pericardium (heart surface) and parietal pericardium (cavity lining)
    • Peritoneum: visceral peritoneum (organs) and parietal peritoneum (cavity wall)
  • Specific clinical terms:
    • Pleuritis = inflammation of pleura
    • Pericarditis = inflammation of pericardium
    • Peritonitis = inflammation of peritoneum

Serous membranes in depth

  • Parietal vs Visceral layers:
    • Parietal layer attaches to cavity wall
    • Visceral layer attaches to organ
  • In pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum, serous membranes create a potential space with fluid that lubricates movement
  • Retroperitoneal space:
    • Organs lie against dorsal body wall and are covered by peritoneum only on their ventral side
    • Examples of retroperitoneal organs: kidneys, adrenal glands, bladder (partly), ureters, uterus/prostate (depending on species), aorta, inferior vena cava, parts of pancreas, spleen (in some species), esophagus (partly), rectum (partly)
  • Abdominopelvic cavity is lined by peritoneum; retroperitoneal structures lie behind this lining

Meninges and brain protection

  • From superficial to deep: cranium bone → dura mater → subdural space → arachnoid → subarachnoid space → pia mater → brain
  • Function: protect CNS, provide a supportive framework, and contain cerebrospinal fluid

Notes on nomenclature and references

  • Many slide references come from Singh, Baljit; Dyce, Sack and Wensing's Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy
  • Common phrases include: “From superficial to deep,” “absolute terms,” and the recurring use of anatomical prefixes/suffixes to convey precise locations and functions
  • Reading recommendations are consistently provided for Chapter 1 of the Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy and the Guide to the Dissection of the Dog

Quick reference: common abbreviations and terms

  • Medial, lateral, dorsal, ventral, proximal, distal, cranial, caudal, rostral, left, right
  • Palmar (forelimb), Plantar (hindlimb)
  • Sutures, Gomphosis, Syndesmosis, Synchondrosis, Symphysis, Synovial joints, Fat pads, Menisci, Bursa, Retinaculum, Aponeurosis
  • Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium, Fascia
  • Endosteum (not explicitly listed but commonly paired with the described layers)

End of notes

  • This set aims to serve as a replacement-style study guide capturing the breadth of topics from the provided transcript, including both core concepts and the more detailed, example-rich content.
  • For exam preparation, cross-reference with the indicated reading materials and the specified textbook chapters to reinforce and contextualize these notes.