Types of Digestion

>Intracellular Digestion

Ex: the protozan Amoeba

• How does it work? Process is Endocytosis

End or Product is a Food vaculoe

>Extracellular Digestion

Ex: Homo Sapiens

• How does it work?

Requires both a digestion system & a circulatory system ( musch more complex)

Do we exhbit “intracellulat Digestion”? OUr White Blood cells (Leucocytes - aka WBC’s ) actually feed on some pathogens (ex:Bacteria) by a unique form of Endocyctosis known as “Phagocytosis”

Bread mold actually “eats” bread ( or in this case- a tomato) very similar to the way we eat bread.

• What about less complex organism such as : Protozonas,Flatworms,Sea Anemones,Roundworms,Earthworms

  -note flatworms can see but they cant see us food goes in and out

  -note sea anemones going to have a gastro activity

  -note roundworms are like a tube the food goes process and food comes out food goes in and out ,sexual demporhisin (the rest show no reproduction)

  note-earthworms are heavly muscular like our liver does it has 7 sets of hearts it,intercellular start the process

  picture figure 9.1 pg 160 ,pic. 9.4a pg. 163 Oral region -mouth,teeth & tongue (site of ingestion)

• Salivary Glands - secrete Salvia-contains Salivary Amylase (our 1st enzyme -”Amyl=starch & ase=enzyme”)

• Teeth-mostly cosmetic today

  Tongue-tast buds.

  pic.Fig.9.4b- pg.163 Peristalsis,fig 9.5 p. 165

• Gasrosophageal sphincter -aska the “Cardic Sphincter” - source of Heartburn

• Duodenum-upper 10in. of the small intestine -site of the ulcers

  Function of The Stomach

• Stomach (Gastric Glands)

  • 1). Parietal Cells »secrete» HCI (pH of 1»2)

    >Functions of Hydrochloric Acid:

    A). Kills bacteria.

    B). Denatures protein (It alters both the structure & physical Properties)

    C). Activates Pepsin

  • 2). Chief cells » secrete »Pepsinogen »(in HCI)»Pepsin(Hydrolyses Protein)

  • 3). Epithelial Cells »secrete»Mucus

    >Mucus provides protection stomach cells from digestion (life span of only a few days)

    Addition Functions of The Stomach

  • Absorption of Alcohol & Some prescription Drugs

  • two ducts empty into the duodenum :from the Pancreas

  • Pancreas - has five SECRETIONS

    1).Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

    »Changes ph of chyme from acid to base (alkaline) (to pH of 8.5)

    2). Lipase (going to break down fats)

    >Hyrdolyses fats (lipids) to glycerol & fatty acids

    3).Proteases(old name Trypsin & chymotrypsin) digestion of Proteins & break down of amino acids

  Pancres-has 5 secreations:

• 1) sodium bicarbonate

• 2) lipase

• 3) Proteases Digestion of Proteins to Amino Acids

• 4) Carbohydrases": Change complex sugars to simple sugars (under the influence of Insulin from the Pancreas)

• Diabetes: Type A (genetice) & Type B (lifestyle)

• 5) Nucleases: Hydrolyze RNA & DNA to Nucleotides & Nitrogenous bases

  note - problem cant mix fat & water »cellmembrane stops water

• Two ducts empty into the duodenum from the Pancreas & the Liver Fig. 9.8 -pg 169

  Functions Of the Liver

• Gallbladder Secretes Bile

  Bile- serves to emulsify Fats (Lipids)

  > Liver Stores glucose as glycogen

  note »Lypitore stop from getting rid of fat

Small Intestine (duodenum- 1st 8-10in)

After 2-6 hours ,the food (chyme) leaces the stomach & enters the Small intestine

Function of S. Intestine

• Final Digestion & Absorption of all break-down products

• fig.9.6 pg. 166

• S. Intestine is 18ft long Surface area of almost 200 meters

• fig.9.7-168 (IMPORTANT FIGURE TO REFER BACK TO)

  »carbohydrate digestion, Protein digestion , fat digestion

• Large Intestine - Re-absorption of water

  >Storage of waste material until defecation

• Anorexia nervosa- self-imposed starvation

• Bulima Nervosa -overeating followed by self-induced vomiting

• Muscle dysmorphia -preoccupation with underdeveloped body

Additional medical disorders»

• «Peptic Ulcers-both genetic & life style influenced.

• «»Helicobacter pylori are bacteria that can cause an infection in the stomach.

• Colon Cancer-prevention with high fiber diet-broccli,salads,whole grains,ect.

• Diarrhea-traels diahrrhea or Montezuma revenge

• Dysentery-amoebic dysentery- protozan infection (spread by houseflies)

Dietary intake of Milk

>Two networthy problems: High butterfat content (triglycerides found in milk)

• >Lactose intolerance (text -pg 168) Lactose is the primary sugar in milk , one cannot digest dairy product

• USA skimmed milk “fat free” milk regulated stating less then a ½ gram of fat per serving

• 2% fat advatage ? yes because its healthier

  FUNCTIONS OF OUR CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Delivers nurtients & O2 to individuals cells.

• Removes the by products of digestion & cellular respiration from individual cells : Nitrogenous waste » kidneys ,CO2»lungs

• Temperature regulation

• Transports hormones from the site of production to their respective target cells:

  1.Testosterone- from the testes

  2.Estrogen-from the ovaries

  3.Growth Hormone- from the Pituitary gland

• Penis erection is some mammals such as H. sapiens

  2 Types of CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Closed system : blood is contained within the vessels

• Open system : blood comes in direct contact with cells

  note fro open system - never going to regulate temperature

• Open Circulatory system example grasshopper

  Heart>Artery>Blood cavity> Vein >Heart

• Closed Circulatory Exable Vertarates - including H. Sapiens

  Heart> artery>capillaries> vein >heart

• Fish - 2 heart chambers

• amphibian -3 ““

• repitile-modified 3 ““

• Birds & mammals - 4 ““

System of the heart :

1.Cornory system heart & its blood supply (coronary artery) ( paragraph 90)

2.Pulmonary System - includes pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein

3.Systemic system-includes Aorta,Capillaries, Vena Cava(big vein),Superior & inferior ( getting blood from feet to head)

4 chambers

note - right atrium . left atrium, right ventrical & left ventrical

Two Atria (thin wall )

Two ventrical (thick walled) Two values in between : Triscuspid valve

Bicuspid value (Aka Mitral valve)

Heart Murmur - caused by several childhood diseases

Sinoatial node aka Pacemaker

Atrioventricular node

Syatole-contracted phasse of the heart (high number )

Distole(lowest number ) relaxed phase of the heart

fig. 5.2 on pg 88 heart»arteries»capillaries»veins»heart

Arteries - carry blood away from the heart (elastic -absorb pressure from the heart) (lack valves) These may harden with age- causing higher blood pressure

Hypertension- affected by diet among other factors

1. cholesterol & salt

   capillaries-width of the red blood cell and serve the individual cells

Veins - carry blood black to the heart (contain valves)

Heart surgery - Transplants-Artificial Hearts

Angioplasty - balloon in clogged arteries

Stent-a perforated tube is placed in the artery

Bypass surgery - replaced damaged arteries with veins from the patients own legs

Transplants- difficult to find suitable donor and problems with the patients own immune system

Baboon heart- case of “Baby Jane/Fae in California 1980’s

Articial Heart- problem with damage to the patients own blood cells

BLOOD(Chapter 6)

fig. 6,2 p 108

water 91%,proteins 7% ither solutes ,nutrients,waste prodcuts etc.

Average person has 5 liters (5 quarts)

55% is Plasma ( 90% water)

Rest is mostly plasma proteins: Albumin -homeostasis & water recovery

Globlins-contibuate to immune system

Fibrinogen -functions in blood clotting + 45% compose of cells,platelets. etc

1. blood vessel is puncutured

2. platelets congregate & form a plug

3. platelets & damange tissue cells release prothrombin activator,which initates a cascade

Clotting mechanism

damaged cells»release»thrombooplastin >

Prothrombin»activites»thrombin>

Fibrinogen»activities»fibrin threads

Fibrin in turn serves as a net to catch platelets & RBC’s to form a clot

Vitamin k- important factor in this mechanism

Erthrocytes_ red blood cells-RBC’s - life span +4 months fig. 6.3 pg 109

note - cytes mean cells

Produced by the marrow of the long bones

Hemoglobin - Iron -absorbs 99 times the oxygen as plasma

Lukemia-radiation sickness -bone marrow transplants

Methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)(p.156) aka as a “super-bug” Does not respond to Rx with many anitbiotics

Lymphatic system fig.71 pg 122

1. AXILLARY LYMPH NODELS ( UNDERARM REGION)

2. RED BONE MARROW-site for the orgin of all blood cells

3. Thymus-lumphatic tissue where T lymphocytes mature and learn to tell “sell” from “nonsell”

   Comparison of Lymphatic & Circulatory Systems

4. The lymphatic system is similar to the Circulatory system

   >It has Valves-similar to both the heart & the veins

   >Produces cells (lymphocyctes instead of RBC’s & and WBC’s)

5. IT is different from the Circulatory system

   >It does not have a PUMP

   >it does not have capillaries

6. It does not fucntion in the exchange od Oxygen and carbon dioxide

7. Lympahtic system

   >Network of fluid carrying vessels & associates organs flow of lymph is one-way (vessels have VALVES-but no pump)

   >Txbook (p.122) gives several fuctions such as : Absorption of excess fluids - absorption of fats-production of Lymphocytes -defense against pathogens (bacteria)

   >2 types of LYMPHOCYTES (p.127 txt)

   > B lymphocytes (B-cells) -1st found in Bursa (joints) of chickens Formation in H.sapiens is not entirely understood but they mature in the bone marrow.

   > T lymph produced by the thymus gland (chest) & in bone marrow

   >Both function in the production of Antibodies which will attack forgein protein

Immunity »Classic examples : smallpox & cowpox in Europe during the 1700’s &

Rabies(hydrophobia) in France durong the 1800’s

»Smallpox 20%-60% mortality overall (80% in children)

Immunity:

«PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE: often very slow-may take days ,weeks or longer antioody levels high enouh

Second immune system=

Some well known viral infections:HIV<AIDS(acquired immunodeficiendy syndrome)(ooccurs by transfer of bodily fluids)

other viral infection- influenza,swine flu,H1N1

West Nile & Zika viruses-carried by mosquitos(vector)

Polio(poliomyelitis)

Monkeypox

Our Immune System

Categories include High Risk & low Risk patients

High Risk- poorly developed when young

Low risk-best developed when mature

High risk -common in elderly ,system will begin to fail with time& or age often requires a booster such as a Tenanus shot or annual flu shot

Shingels- caused by reactivation of the Varicella zoster virus,older adults, weakened immune system

Flu pandemic(1918-1919) 501—million deaths worldwide Here in the U.S estimate 500,000-67,5000

Ebola- spread exchange of body fluids , epidemic in SW Africa (guinea.Liberia& SIerra Leone) ,recent Death in Dallas 2014

Enterovirus(Ev-D68)- colorado spring - fall 2014

Zika- Micocephaly in unborn children summar& fall in 2016

the word corona menas crown

SHORT HISTORY OF RECENT VACCINES

earlier vaccines used a modified or quick kill process which rendered the live virus ineffective - this was i njected into the patient ans allowed the immune system to produce its own antibodies

this was the case with the early POLIO vaccines during the ealry 1950’s the active virus was completely deactived

Resulting in giving POlio to the test group of children

Known as MLV’S ( modified live virus) or KILLED VACCINES

LIVE-ATTENUATED vaccines ex'; chickenpox. measels, german measels , mumps yellow fever & some influenza

INACTIVATED VACCINES ex: hepatites A, Influenza , rabies , Salk polio vaccine

THE NEW COVID VACCINES USE NEITHER: none of the nucleic acids of the original virus are used. used mRNA (messenger RNA) to induce the body to produce its own antibodies -in place of the original virus template, allowing researchers to re-program the mRna sequence to respond to any new variant such as the “Delta Variant”

childhood imuunizations: DPT vaccine ( or some variant):

Diphtheria - Pertussis (whooping cough) - Tetanus (lockjaw)

causative agent-anaerobic bacteria ( ex hydroperoxide)

URINARY SYSTEM & EXCRETION

Excretion- elimination of metablic waste arising from the digestion of Proteins

digestion of proteins is known as DEAMINATION & produces Amino acids and Ammonia (NH3)

ammonia is coverted to Urea (less toxic) & flushed from the body by a process know as URination

urine-produced in kidney -ureter-bladder-urethra (* picture ) ,KIDNEY STONES ( not drinking enough water) & STD”s

Nephron -basic unit of the kidney ,blood pressure of 70mm/hg (most capillaries have only 30mm/hg)

LOOP Of the NEPHRON - functions in water recovery (very long in some desert such as Kangaroo rats)

hemiodialysis -or more commonly knows as dialysis ,rx fro renal failure -uses a semi-preamble membrane 3-5 hours required-2 to 3x a week)

KIdney transplants - most common organ transplanted, (the cornea of the eye is the most transplanted tissue ) survival rate 97% from close relative , one year survival rate , 90% if non relative,longest surviving kidney tranplant is over 40 years

respiration- gasous exchnage of an organism with its enviornment primary concern o2 and co2

not to be confused with inhalation

trachea- wingdpipe( passengerof air to bronchis

bronchus-pasage of air to lungs

bronchoiles - passage of air to alveoil

lung- contains alveoil

Alveioki-small air sacs-site of exchange

diaphram-the responsiboe for inhanling and exhaling -vagus nerve

emphysema- alveioki collapse- fu

terrestrial environment (water lossis problimem)