history test

Roosevelt's Rise to Power (19-1) -Franklin Roosevelt got his start in politics as a progressive. reformer in the New York State Senate in 1910. He then became the secretary of the Navy. In 1920, he was nominated for vice president but lost the election. The next year, he was diagnosed with polio, a paralyzing disease that would keep him wheelchair-bound for the rest of his life. Because his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, was such an effective public speaker, it kept her husband's political career alive. In 1928, he returned to politics and won as New York Governor. There he became the first state to offer unemployment assistance. In 1930, he was re-elected by a landslide, and in 1932, with the country desperate for change, he won by a landslide again, this time for the presidency. Though he had no clear agenda, America was won over by his confidence, optimism, and calming presence. The Only Thing We Have to Fear is Fear Itself (19-1) - In Roosevelt's January 1933 Inaugural Address, he said, 'The only thing we have to fear is fear itself... This nation asks for action, and action now. The country needs bold, persistent experimentation." In his First Hundred Days, he did just that, calling for Congress to pass 15 new laws that would come to be known as The New Deal. Roosevelt deliberately chose advisors who disagreed with one another because he wanted to hear many different points of view. Roosevelt's First One-Hundred Days (19-1) - Before he did anything else, Roosevelt's first priority was to restore people's confidence in the banking system. In his first "fireside radio chat," 60 million Americans tuned in to listen. He assured them that their money was safer in the banks than at home under their mattress. Americans as a whole believed him, and the next day, started putting their money back in the banks in mass. Roosevelt also created two new government agencies to prevent 

regulate a basketball game. Congress also created the FDIC to insure people's money in the banks. future economic collapses. The first was the SEC to regulate the Stock Market much like a referee would Today the FDIC insures people' hank depote for ye to doeo ono eaches a calad the Home keep their farms. homes from foreclosure. The Farm Credit Administration (FCA) did the same thing to help Americans Owner's Loan Corporation (HOLe) to rewrite peonle's mortage contrare to mate encier to save their Owner S Loan Corporation (Hol e) to rewrite peoble's mortgage contracts to make it easier to save their How Progressive is TOO Progressive? (19-2) - president Roosevelt was tremendously popular Americans remained unemployed and the average American income was still half of what it had been in during his first two vears as oresident. But while ha created O'million new inhein that time 10 million during his first two vears as president put ubile ho rested a cilter courichein that time, 10 million 1929. More than any president before him, Roosevelt leaned on deficit spending, or government spending more money than it brings in. In the 90 vears since he took office, America has only had a balanced budget once (1996)! Huey Long argued that Roosevelt wasn't progressive enough. A champion of the poor. Long improved schools and hospitals and created social programs for the people as governor of Louisiana. He was wildly popular until it was learned that he was taking bribes on the -hampion of the noor long imoroved schoole sad hospitale and created carial oroprams for the people retirement pensions. Social security would soon follow. side. Francis Townshend, meanwhile, proposed the federal government pay citizens over the age of 60] The Second New Deal (19-2) - In 1935, Roosevelt created his next wave of government reforms called The second New Deal. His first objective was to bring RELIEF by saving the banks and restructuring called The Second New Deal. His first objective was to bring RELIEF by saving the banks and restructuring loans to reestablish trust in the banking system and to keep Americans from losing their homes or farms. His second aim was RECOVERY By creating the Works Progress Administration, the WPA created 8.5 million new jobs between 1935-1941 as part of a massive public-works initiative. They built 650,000 miles of new roads, 125,000 new building, 124,000 bridges, 8,000 parks, and 855 airports. Roosevelt's third aim was REFORM, or finding ways to fix the system so that another depression never happens The Legacy of Roosevelt's New Deal (19-2) - The final part of Roosevelt's 3-part plan was REFORM. By creating the SEC to regulate the Stock Market and the FDIC to insure people's money in the banks, Roosevelt created anchors in case we ever had another financial earthquake. His next big reform was the creation of Social Security, whereby all Americans would have money deducted from their paychecks and out into a fund saved un for retirement. Todav vour average American will receive $4,000 a month from Social Security from the age of 65 to their death, plus lowered costs for medica coverage. In the end, there remains much debate about whether Roosevelt saved us from the Great Depression or whether he actually made things worse. Group L: World War 2 (1939-1945) - Chapters 20-21 21. The Origins of World War 1 (20-1) - While the United States was flourishing financially during the 1920's, Russia, Italy, and Germany -three| countries devastated by the war - were not. After Lenin, Joseph Stalin's oppressive policies led to the death of some 10 million Russians. In response to Russia's authoritarianism and poverty in Italy, Benito Mussolini instituted a Fascist regime that stood against the "evils of Communism and Capitalism" and successfully bolstered Italy's economy, making this cult of personality wildly popular. Inspired by Mussolini's methods, Adolph Hitler came to power in 1933 and gradually turned Germany's economy around, instituted increasingly oppressive legislation against Jews, and began to defy the terms of the Treaty of Versailles from WW1 by building its military and threatening to extend its boundaries. 22. Hitler Steamrolls into Europe (20-1) - The progression of World War 2 was a series of chess moves, with each country trying to anticipate the other country's move. In late 1937, Hitler called for the unification of all German-speaking people, including those in Austria and Czechoslovakia. In con d / Car LO un. September 1938 Sudetenland in They were wrot Shortly after, C but had been Poland if Hitle France in the shocked the declared wa attack on la 1940, Brita speech,

September 1938, France and Britain decided to appease Hitler, allowing him to take back the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia without a fight, hoping he would be satisfied and stop pressing for more. They were wrong. In March 1939, Germany sent troops into Czechoslovakia and divided the country. Shortly after, Germany insisted that Danzig be returned to German control, a city that was 90% German but had been part of Poland since WW1. In August 1939, after Britain and France promised to defend Poland if Hitler attacked, Germany signed a pact with Russia, agreeing that it would not join Britain and France in the effort, in exchange for half of Poland. The union between Communism and Nazism shocked the world. On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland, and two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany. WW2 had begun. Within six months, Hitler's blitzkrieg attack - a full-throttle attack on land, air, and sea - had steamrolled into Poland, Belgium, Netherlands, and France. On June 4, 1940, Britain's Prime Minister Winston Churchill - with his back up against the wall - gave his famous speech, "We will never surrender!" 23. From Neutrality to War (20-2) - In 1940, as Japanese aggression toward British ships in the Atlantic and China increased, President Roosevelt restricted the sale of key strategic materials Japan had long depended on from the United States: airplane fuel and scrap iron. Furious, Japan signed an alliance with Germany and Italy. In July 1941, the U.S began sending aid to China just as it had with Britain and France prior, and also froze all Japanese assets in the U.S. On December 7,1941, a Japanese surprise attack on an American naval base in Hawaii called Pearl Harbor killed 2,403 Americans. The next day, Congress voted 82-0 to declare war. 24. America at War (20-2) - Just hours after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. they attacked airfields and landed troops in the Philippines. Four days later, on December 11", Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States. American troops stationed in the Philippines and their Filipino allies were badly outnumbered, and on April 9, 1942, surrendered. Nearly 78,000 prisoners of war were forced to march - sick, wounded, and exhausted - 65 miles. Almost 10,000 troops died on the march. In June 1942, thanks to the help of Navajo codebreakers, the Americans were able to anticipate a Japanese attack before it happened, and the result was a turning point victory at The Battle of Midway, where 3,057 Japanese were killed, compared to only 362 Americans. The European Front (21-2) - Meanwhile, in Europe, by mid-1942, Germany was sinking 500,000 tons of American shipping cargo a month! And yet, in the same time, American and British shipyards were mass producing new ones at the same rate. Meanwhile, in May 1942, after turning on Russia, Hitler ordered his army to capture strategic oil fields, factories, and farmlands in Southern Russia and Ukraine in The Battle of Stalingrad. But by February 1943, 91,000 Germans had surrendered, only 5,000 of whom would survive the Russian prison camps. 26. D-Day and Final Victory (21-3) - The biggest turning point of the war for the Allies was D-Day on June 5, 1944, when American, British, and Canadian forces stormed the beaches of Normandy to take France back from German control. By the end of the day, an unprecedented 133,000 troops had successfully landed and began moving inland. While American and British forces continued to liberate France, Russia continued to advance toward Germany's capitol. Finally, on April 30, 1945, Hitler supposedly committed suicide. On May 7, Germany surrendered. And yet, Japan remained. On August 6", America dropped an atom bomb on Hiroshima, killing 100,000 people instantly. On August 9", the U.S. dropped a second on Nagasaki, killing 50,000 more. On August 15", after Russia threatened to send 100,000 troops, Japan finally surrendered, and the war was over, but not before 70 million people lost their lives! 27. Wartime America (21-1) - Within days of Germany's attack on Poland in 1939, President Roosevelt expanded the army to 227,000 soldiers. Before the spring of 1940, most Americans had opposed a peacetime draft. But after France surrendered to Germany in June 1940, opinions changed quickly. In September 1940, Congress approved a plan for the first peacetime draft in America's history.

One year later, 60,000 men would voluntarily enlist within a month of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. By year's end, the U.S. army had expanded to 8 million! Mass Production Saves the Day (21-1) - Mass production was critical because the country that could move troops and supplies the fastest usually won the battle. Automobile factories produced rifles, helmets, artillery, and dozens of other pieces of military equipment. Henry Ford's plants, in particular, built more than 8,600 aircraft. Overall, the auto industry made nearly one-third of all wartime military equipment. Ford's achievements of mass production were only rivaled by Henry Kaiser's shipyards. When the war began, it took 244 days to built one of his Liberty ships. By war's end, it took only 41 days! Kaiser's shipyards built 30% of all American ships constructed during the war. More Than Just a War (20-3) - The most horrific element of the war was not widely discovered until its end. Starting in September 1935, Germany adopted the Nuremberg codes, which took citizenship away from German Jews and banned marriage between Jews and other Germans. In the years that would follow, anti-Jewish legislation continued to expand. On November 7, 1938, a young Jewish refugee - whose parents and 14,000 other Jews had been deported from Germany to Poland - shot and killed a German diplomat in Paris, France. That very night, Hitler commissioned his minister of propaganda Joseph Goebbels to strike terror into the Jewish community. The Genocide (20-3) - In a single night, later called Kristallnacht, or "Night of the Broken Glass," 90 Jews were killed, hundreds injured, and hundreds of Jewish synagogues and 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed. In the months that would follow, 30,000 more Jewish men would be arrested. On January 20, 1942, Nazi leaders met to discuss a "Final Solution" for the Jews. Their agreed "solution" was the institution of concentration camps, which by war's end had killed 6 million Jews, two-thirds of the entire Jewish population throughout all of Europe. Millions of others deemed "inferior" were also killed.