Organic Compounds

• Definition: Molecules containing carbon found in living things

• Exceptions: Carbonates and oxides of carbon

• Carbon's role: Forms basis of organic life due to ability to form four covalent bonds

Molecular Biology

• Metabolism: Totality of chemical processes in living organisms to maintain life

• Enzyme-catalyzed reactions: Web of reactions within a cell or organism

• Molecular biology: Explains biological processes using chemical substances

Biomacromolecules

• Four main groups in cells: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

• Composition: Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids have recurring subunits

• Lipids: Do not have repeating monomers, may contain smaller subunits

Types of Reactions

• Anabolism: Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones

  • Involves condensation reactions (water produced)

  • Example: Photosynthesis

• Catabolism: Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones

  • Involves hydrolysis reactions (water consumed)

  • Example: Cellular respiration

Vitalism Theory

• Definition: Organic molecules were synthesized only by living systems

• Vital force: The idea that living organisms have a special life force that sets them apart from non-living things. It suggests that this unique energy makes living beings distinct from inanimate objects.