Crystalline and amorphous solids are the two types of solids.
The number of atoms around an atom in a crystal lattice is known as the coordination number.
Ionic crystals have two distinguishing features
Glass and other amorphous materials lack a regular three-dimensional arrangement of atoms.
Glass is one of the most valuable and adaptable materials in human history.
When energy is added or removed from a substance, phase shifts, or transformations from one phase to another, occur.
A phase transition occurs when the molecules in a liquid have enough energy to escape from the surface.
Condensation, or the transition from gas to liquid, occurs when a molecule collides with the liquid surface and is confined by intermolecular forces in the liquid.
When the rates of condensation and evaporation are equal, a condition of dynamic equilibrium is established
The equilibrium vapor pressure is the vapor pressure measured when condensation and evaporation are in a dynamic equilibrium.
The molar heat of vaporization (Hvar), defined as the energy (typically in kilojoules) required to evaporate 1 mole of a liquid, is a measure of the strength of intermolecular forces in a liquid.
The temperature at which a liquid's vapor pressure equals the external pressure is known as the boiling point.
No matter how high the applied pressure, every substance has a critical temperature (Tc) above which its gas phase will not liquefy.
Freezing is the process of turning a liquid into a solid and melting, or fusing is the process of turning a solid into a liquid.