Ap Human Geography Unit 2 vocab

Population Density

  • Agricultural Population Density: Number of farmers / arable land.
  • Physiological Population Density: Population / arable land.
  • Arithmetic Population Density: Population / total land area.

Population Dynamics

  • Baby Boom: Temporary increase in birth rate.
  • Crude Birth Rate: Births per 1,000 people per year.
  • Crude Death Rate: Deaths per 1,000 people per year.
  • Dependency Ratio: Ratio of dependents (too young or old to work) to workers.
  • Doubling Time: Years needed to double population.
  • Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): Percentage of annual population growth, excluding migration.
  • Total Fertility Rate: Average number of children per woman.
  • Zero Population Growth: TFR where natural increase equals zero.
  • Sex Ratio: Number of males per 100 females.
  • Child Mortality Rate: Number of child deaths per 1,000 live births
  • Infant Mortality Rate: Number of infant deaths (under age 1) per 1,000 live births.
  • Life Expectancy: Average years an infant is expected to live.
  • Maternal Mortality Rate: Number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births.

Population Theories and Models

  • Malthusian Theory: Population grows faster than food supply.
  • Neo-Malthusian: Belief in scarcity and competition due to overpopulation.
  • Demographic Transition Model: Sequence of changes in birth and death rates over time.
  • Epidemiological Transition Model: Describes causes of death in demographic transition stages.

Population Policies

  • Anti-Natalist Policies: Government policies to reduce RNI.
  • Pro-Natalist Policies: Government policies to increase RNI.

Migration

  • Net Migration: Difference between immigrants and emigrants.
  • Push Factors: Reasons people leave their homes (e.g., economic troubles).
  • Pull Factors: Reasons people migrate to a new area (e.g., economic opportunity).
  • Intervening Obstacle: Hinders migration.
  • Internal Migration: Movement within a country.
  • Interregional Migration: Movement between regions.
  • Intraregional Migration: Movement within a region.
  • Migration Transition: Change in migration patterns due to societal changes.
  • Ravenstein's Laws of Migration: Laws about migrants' reasons, distance, and characteristics.
  • Chain Migration: Migration through kinship links.
  • Step Migration: Migration in stages.
  • Forced Migration: Compelled movement due to cultural factors.
  • Voluntary Migration: Migration by choice.
  • Transhumance: Seasonal migration of livestock.

Migration Terms

  • Refugee: Person with fear of persecution.
  • Asylum Seeker: Someone hoping to be recognized as a refugee.
  • Internally Displaced Person: Forced to migrate within their country.
  • Guest Worker: Foreign laborer working temporarily.
  • Migrant Workers: Move to harvest crops.
  • Remittance: Money sent back home.
  • Brain Drain: Loss of skilled workers to other countries.

Other Key Terms

  • Ecumeme: Area of Earth occupied by humans.
  • Mobility: All types of movement.
  • Periodic Movement: Temporary, recurrent relocation (e.g., college).
  • Activity Space: Area of regular activity.
  • Urbanization: Increase in urban population.
  • Overpopulation: When population exceeds environmental capacity.
  • Carrying Capacity: Maximum population an environment can support.
  • Diaspora: Dispersion of people from their homeland.
  • Infrastructure: Basic facilities and systems of a country.
  • Distribution: Locations on Earth's surface where populations live.
  • Great Migration: Movement of African Americans from the rural South to Northern cities (1914-1920).
  • Demography: Study of population characteristics.
  • Fertility: Production of offspring.
  • Migration Stream: Constant flow of migrants from one place to another
  • S-curve: Depicts growth; the leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth.
  • Contraception: Methods of preventing conception.
  • Degenerative Disease: Deterioration of tissue.
  • Population Composition: Structure of population in terms of age, sex, etc.

Models

  • Gravity Model: Predicts interaction based on population size and distance.

Historical Events

  • Industrial Revolution: 19th-century manufacturing improvements.
  • Medical Revolution: Late 20th-century diffusion of medical technology.
  • Atlantic Slave Trade: Buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas.