Ap Human Geography Unit 2 vocab

Population Density

• Agricultural Population Density: Number of farmers / arable land.
• Physiological Population Density: Population / arable land.
• Arithmetic Population Density: Population / total land area.

Population Dynamics

• Baby Boom: Temporary increase in birth rate.
• Crude Birth Rate: Births per 1,000 people per year.
• Crude Death Rate: Deaths per 1,000 people per year.
• Dependency Ratio: Ratio of dependents (too young or old to work) to workers.
• Doubling Time: Years needed to double population.
• Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): Percentage of annual population growth, excluding migration.
• Total Fertility Rate: Average number of children per woman.
• Zero Population Growth: TFR where natural increase equals zero.
• Sex Ratio: Number of males per 100 females.
• Child Mortality Rate: Number of child deaths per 1,000 live births
• Infant Mortality Rate: Number of infant deaths (under age 1) per 1,000 live births.
• Life Expectancy: Average years an infant is expected to live.
• Maternal Mortality Rate: Number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births.

Population Theories and Models

• Malthusian Theory: Population grows faster than food supply.
• Neo-Malthusian: Belief in scarcity and competition due to overpopulation.
• Demographic Transition Model: Sequence of changes in birth and death rates over time.
• Epidemiological Transition Model: Describes causes of death in demographic transition stages.

Population Policies

• Anti-Natalist Policies: Government policies to reduce RNI.
• Pro-Natalist Policies: Government policies to increase RNI.

Migration

• Net Migration: Difference between immigrants and emigrants.
• Push Factors: Reasons people leave their homes (e.g., economic troubles).
• Pull Factors: Reasons people migrate to a new area (e.g., economic opportunity).
• Intervening Obstacle: Hinders migration.
• Internal Migration: Movement within a country.
• Interregional Migration: Movement between regions.
• Intraregional Migration: Movement within a region.
• Migration Transition: Change in migration patterns due to societal changes.
• Ravenstein's Laws of Migration: Laws about migrants' reasons, distance, and characteristics.
• Chain Migration: Migration through kinship links.
• Step Migration: Migration in stages.
• Forced Migration: Compelled movement due to cultural factors.
• Voluntary Migration: Migration by choice.
• Transhumance: Seasonal migration of livestock.

Migration Terms

• Refugee: Person with fear of persecution.
• Asylum Seeker: Someone hoping to be recognized as a refugee.
• Internally Displaced Person: Forced to migrate within their country.
• Guest Worker: Foreign laborer working temporarily.
• Migrant Workers: Move to harvest crops.
• Remittance: Money sent back home.
• Brain Drain: Loss of skilled workers to other countries.

Other Key Terms

• Ecumeme: Area of Earth occupied by humans.
• Mobility: All types of movement.
• Periodic Movement: Temporary, recurrent relocation (e.g., college).
• Activity Space: Area of regular activity.
• Urbanization: Increase in urban population.
• Overpopulation: When population exceeds environmental capacity.
• Carrying Capacity: Maximum population an environment can support.
• Diaspora: Dispersion of people from their homeland.
• Infrastructure: Basic facilities and systems of a country.
• Distribution: Locations on Earth's surface where populations live.
• Great Migration: Movement of African Americans from the rural South to Northern cities (1914-1920).
• Demography: Study of population characteristics.
• Fertility: Production of offspring.
• Migration Stream: Constant flow of migrants from one place to another
• S-curve: Depicts growth; the leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth.
• Contraception: Methods of preventing conception.
• Degenerative Disease: Deterioration of tissue.
• Population Composition: Structure of population in terms of age, sex, etc.

Models

• Gravity Model: Predicts interaction based on population size and distance.

Historical Events

• Industrial Revolution: 19th-century manufacturing improvements.
• Medical Revolution: Late 20th-century diffusion of medical technology.
• Atlantic Slave Trade: Buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas.