Unit 3 Exam Study List

Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner)

1. Microsystem: The immediate environment in which an individual lives, including family, school, and peers. It is the most direct form of influence on development.

2. Mesosystem: Represents the relationships between different microsystems. For example, interactions between a child's family and school can affect the child's development.

3. Exosystem: Refers to the larger social systems that do not directly contain the individual but still influence them. This includes parental workplaces, community services, and broader societal structures.

4. Macrosystem: The overarching cultural and societal values, laws, and customs that shape the microsystem and exosystem. This can include national cultures and economic conditions.

5. Chronosystem: Encompasses the dimension of time, reflecting how the timing of significant life events and transitions can influence development across the lifespan.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

1. Pre-conventional Level:

   • Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation: Moral decisions are based on avoiding punishment.

   • Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange: Recognizes that individuals have different viewpoints; moral reasoning is based on self-interest and benefits.

2. Conventional Level:

   • Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships: Morality is determined by social expectations and the desire to be seen as a good person by others.

   • Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order: Emphasis is placed on law and order, with morality defined as following rules and maintaining social order.

3. Post-conventional Level:

   • Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights: Individuals recognize that laws are social contracts and should promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

   • Stage 6: Universal Principles: Moral reasoning is based on universal ethical principles, emphasizing justice, dignity, and equality, transcending laws and social agreements.

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1 year): Infants learn to trust caregivers for basic needs or develop mistrust if their needs are not consistently met.

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1 to 3 years): Children develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of autonomy; failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 6 years): As children start to initiate activities and take on responsibilities, they either develop a sense of initiative or feel guilty about their needs and desires.

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 12 years): Children thrive on accomplishments and praise; a lack of encouragement may lead to feelings of inferiority.

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 to 18 years): Adolescents explore personal identity and sense of self; failure to establish a coherent identity leads to role confusion.

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood): Young adults form intimate, loving relationships; failure to do so may result in isolation and loneliness.

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood): Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by raising children or contributing to society; failure may lead to feelings of stagnation.

8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood): Reflecting on life, older adults may feel a sense of fulfillment or despair over unachieved goals and regrets.