Cancer- Neoplasia 

neoplasia: abnormal mass of tissue growth

}}Hallmarks of Cancer:}}

• self-sufficiency in growth signals
• insensitivity to anti-growth signals ( because they don’t have receptors)
• evading apoptosis( telomeres)
• sustained angiogenesis
• limitless replicative potential
• invasion and metastasis
• escaping immune surveillance (checkpoint inhibitors)
• variation in population of cells
• heritable: Mutations in DNA, chromosomes, methylation pattern

^^Terminology^^

• tissue types

  • carcinoma → epithelial cells
  • sarcoma → connective tissue
  • leukemia → circulatory or lymphatic

• cell types

  • adenomatous cells → ductal or glandular cells
  • squamous cells → flat cells
  • myeloid → blood cells
  • Lymphoid → lymphocytes or macrophages

• begin vs malignant

  • benign tumors → suffix “- oma”

  • except carcinomas + sarcomas + lymphomas

  • malignant → all other tumors

  • carcinoma in situ (CIS) → epithelial malignant tumors that have not broken through or invade the surrounding stroma (can be cut out cleanly)

    

Cancer Progression

• stages of malignant cancers:

  • stage 1: confined to the organ of origin
  • stage 2: locally invasive
  • stage 3: spread to lymph nodes
  • stage 4: spread to distant sites

• Tumor staging by TNM System

  • Tumor
  • Nodes
  • Metastasis

• How does cancer progress in the body( from embryo to death)?

  • fertilized egg → toti potent stem cell → proliferation(copy-paste) → differentiation (specialization) → ♾ → advantageous driver mutant → clonal expansion → saturation the point where tumor is its bigger because there is no more food/ energy/ space) → new advantageous mutant( even more aggressive) → new colonial expansion wave
  • remember:
  • limitless replicated potential ( due to enzymes that elongate the telomeres→ telomerase p53 CANCER! )
  • what is the paradox
    • fast growing tumors are easiest to treat

Tumor Markers

• → biological markers that are produced by cancer cells
  • enzymes
  • genes
  • Antigens ( PSA -prostate-specific antigens are associated with prostate cancer)
  • antibodies

Bengin vs. Malignant cancer

• \

Viral Infection → Cancer

• PAP smear- cervical l screaming via a swab, the smear is histologically analyzed and checks if to dysplasia
  • ==red stained cells== are dysplasia or cancer
  • could also show cells is mitosis and multiple nuclei
  • blub that starts to grow → lesion
  • HPV causes cancer in basal cells( because they proliferate the most)
    • due to the alteration of genome of the host develops cancer
    • HVP produced proteins that block p53( hallmark in cancer) if the p53 build-ups and it does not function the cell does not go into apoptosis
  • ^^blue + purple^^ stained cells are normal
• Other viruses can cause tumors because the disturb normal cell development
  • hepatitis B → liver
  • EBV → kissing disease ( mononucleosis) + Burkitt lymphoma
• Can bacteria cause cancer?
  • yes → Helicobacter pylori → stomach cancer