Cancer- Neoplasia
neoplasia: abnormal mass of tissue growth
}}Hallmarks of Cancer:}}
- self-sufficiency in growth signals
- insensitivity to anti-growth signals ( because they don’t have receptors)
- evading apoptosis( telomeres)
- sustained angiogenesis
- limitless replicative potential
- invasion and metastasis
- escaping immune surveillance (checkpoint inhibitors)
- variation in population of cells
- heritable: Mutations in DNA, chromosomes, methylation pattern
^^Terminology^^
- tissue types * carcinoma → epithelial cells * sarcoma → connective tissue * leukemia → circulatory or lymphatic
- cell types * adenomatous cells → ductal or glandular cells * squamous cells → flat cells * myeloid → blood cells * Lymphoid → lymphocytes or macrophages
- begin vs malignant * benign tumors → suffix “- oma” * except carcinomas + sarcomas + lymphomas * malignant → all other tumors * carcinoma in situ (CIS) → epithelial malignant tumors that have not broken through or invade the surrounding stroma (can be cut out cleanly)
stages of malignant cancers: * stage 1: confined to the organ of origin * stage 2: locally invasive * stage 3: spread to lymph nodes * stage 4: spread to distant sites
Tumor staging by TNM System * Tumor * Nodes * Metastasis
How does cancer progress in the body( from embryo to death)? * fertilized egg → toti potent stem cell → proliferation(copy-paste) → differentiation (specialization) → ♾ → advantageous driver mutant → clonal expansion → saturation the point where tumor is its bigger because there is no more food/ energy/ space) → new advantageous mutant( even more aggressive) → new colonial expansion wave * remember: * limitless replicated potential ( due to enzymes that elongate the telomeres→ telomerase p53 CANCER! ) * what is the paradox * fast growing tumors are easiest to treat
Tumor Markers
- → biological markers that are produced by cancer cells * enzymes * genes * Antigens ( PSA -prostate-specific antigens are associated with prostate cancer) * antibodies
Bengin vs. Malignant cancer
| <<Benign<< | <<Maligant<< |
|---|---|
| grow slowly | Grow rapidly |
| Well defined capsule | Not encapsulated |
| Not invasive | Invasive |
| well differentiated | poorly differentiated |
| low mitotic index | High mitotic index |
| Do not metastasize | Can spread distantly(metastasis) |
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Viral Infection → Cancer
- PAP smear- cervical l screaming via a swab, the smear is histologically analyzed and checks if to dysplasia * ==red stained cells== are dysplasia or cancer * could also show cells is mitosis and multiple nuclei * blub that starts to grow → lesion * HPV causes cancer in basal cells( because they proliferate the most) * due to the alteration of genome of the host develops cancer * HVP produced proteins that block p53( hallmark in cancer) if the p53 build-ups and it does not function the cell does not go into apoptosis * ^^blue + purple^^ stained cells are normal
- Other viruses can cause tumors because the disturb normal cell development * hepatitis B → liver * EBV → kissing disease ( mononucleosis) + Burkitt lymphoma
- Can bacteria cause cancer? * yes → Helicobacter pylori → stomach cancer
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