U4b In-class Notes

What makes you:

• Get out of bed on the weekdays?

• Get out of bed on the weekend?

  • Church

  • Driving my siblings

  • Parents nagging

  • Wanting to go do things

• Do your homework

  • It being the last night before its due, pressure

  • People in group projects depending on me

  • Wanting good grades

  • Previously getting a bad grade

• Skip class/be late to class

  • Hanging out with friends

  • Seemingly more important things to do

• Talk to your friends?

  • They’re nice and fun to talk to

  • They’re funny

• Make a post on social media?

  • Record what I’m doing to look back on

• Watch TV?

• Go to social events?

  • Spend time with friends

  • Support groups you’re apart of

  • Have fun

  • Because you’re forced to

• Date someone?

• Get a hobby?

• Go get your license?

• Get a job?

• Buy things/shop?

Motivation

Motivation: A need or desire that drives an individual to act towards a goal or fulfill a specific purpose. ///check from slides

Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behavior (why we do a good amount of things)

Drive reduction theory: our behavior is motivated by biological needs (wants to maintain homeostasis - state of balance)

• when we are not, we have a need that creates that drive

• When our biological balance is tipped we create a drive

• Primary drive

• Secondary drive

Incentive theory

Arousal Theory (catch blue fish catch red fish — toddler videogames

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs and all needs are not created equal

• We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first

Sensation-Seeking Theory

• Humans seek novel or varied experiences motivate us

• Thrill/adventure seeking plus combating or boredom susceptibility

Kurt Lewin’s Motivational Conflicts

• approach-approach conflict

  • you want to take a nap but you also want to hangout with your friends

• avoidance-avoidance conflict

  • I want to avoid homework so say to parents i have none, they respond oh you don’t have homework, well why don’t you do homework — don’t want to do either

• approach-avoidance conflict

  • I want to do something but it involves something you don’t want to do

  • want to hangout with friends but don’t like one of the people in your friendgroup

• Multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Self=Determination Theory: What motivates us to work?

• Intrinsic Motivators: Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction

• Extrinsic Motivators: Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves

  • grades, points, money, etc.

  • Works great in short run

Biological Basis of Hunger

• Not your stomach but… your hypothalamus!

• Lateral Hypothalamus

  • When stimulates makes you hungry

  • Ghrelin (hormone makes you hungry)

  • When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again

• Ventromedial Hypothalamus

  • When stimulated, it signals satiety, helping to regulate feelings of fullness and prevent overeating.

  • Leptin (hormone)

  • When lesioned you will never feel full again

• Body Chemistry

  • Glucose

  • hormone insulin converts glucose to fat

  • when glucose levels drop-hunger increase

• Appetite hormones:

Psychological Aspects of Hunger

• internal vs external cues

• External eating cues

  • smells

  • stress

  • socially

• Garcia Effect

Culture and Hunger

Obesity

• Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues

• Mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards obesity

Emotions

Emotion: a response of the whole organism

• physiological arousal

• expressive behaviors

• conscious experience

Emotion & Physiology: Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Theories of Emotion:

• James-Lange Theory of Emotion

  • William James and Carl Lange came up with this theory that says physiological responses precede and determine emotional experiences, suggesting that we feel afraid because we tremble, rather than trembling because we feel afraid.

  • Physical change → emotion happens

  • We feel emotion because of biological changes cause by stress

  • The body changes and our mind recognized the feeling (increased heartbeat, shaking, sweating etc lets us know we’re scared)

  • Perception of stimulus (incoming car) → arousal (pounding heart) → emotion (Fear)

  • Stimulus → physical emotion → fear

  • problem with this theory: different emotions evoke same reactions

• Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

  • Says James-Lange theory is crap

  • How can that be true if similar physiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states

  • physiological and emotional changes happen at the same time

  • stimuli → emotion AND physiological change

• Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

  • Stanley Schachter explains emotions more completely than other 2 theories

  • People who are already physiologically aroused experience more intense emotions

  • stimuli → cognitive label + physical arousal → emotion

• Facial Feedback Hypothesis

  • Specific facial expressions alter the blood flow to the brain, which in turn gives rise to emotional feelings

• Broaden-and-Build

  • positive emotional experiences expands openness and encourages new experiences

  • negative emotions narrows thinking and reduces anxiety

• Expressed emotions

  • People identify angry faces rather than happy ones first

  • Facial expressions come from deep inside brain - pons

  • facial emotions are culturally universal — however there are different times/places/rules to display them

Personality

Conscious: Things we are aware of (Above water in glacier picture)

Preconscious: Things we can be aware of if we think of them (water surface)

Unconscious: Deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us“. All of our desires and fears. (underwater)

Freud’s Concept of Personality (Psyche)

• Super Ego(conscious)

  • Develops last at about the age of 5

  • It is our conscience (what we think between right and wrong)

  • Ego often mediates between superego and id

• Ego (preconscious)

  • Develops after the Id

  • Works on the Reality Principle

  • Negotiates between Id and environment

  • In our conscious and unconscious minds

  • what everyone sees as our personality

• Id

  • Exists entirely in unconscious

  • Hidden true animalistic wants and desires

  • Works on the Pleasure Principle

  • Avoid pain and receive instant gratification

Defense Mechanisms

• The ego has a pretty important job… and that is to protect you from threatening thoughts in our unconscious

• One way it protects us is through defense mechanisms

• You are usually unaware that they are occurring

Types of Defense Mechanisms

• Repression

  • Pushing thoughts into our unconscious

  • Why don’t we remember our Oedipus/Electra complexes

  • "The Tell-Tale Heart" is an 1843 short story by Edgar Allan Poe.

• Denial

  • Not accepting the ego-threatening truth

• Displacement

  • Redirecting one’s feelings toward another person or object

  • often displaced on less threatening things

  • Freud says its why people are abusive to their children/spouses

  • Giving freshman swirlies

  • Being mean to siblings

• Projection

  • Seeing your own insecurities and feeling in other people

  • Cheating spouse accusing spouse of being unfaithful

• Reaction Formation

  • Expressing the opposite of how one truly feels

  • Cootie stage in Freud’s Latent Development

• Regression

  • Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior

  • Adults throwing temper tantrums

  • Going to your old stuffed animals when you are upset

• Rationalization

  • Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome

  • I didn’t want to go to ….. anyways, it was too …

  • saying you didn’t want to do something after getting rejected from trying it

• Intellectualization

  • Undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic

  • After getting diagnosed with a disease, people research extensively

• Sublimation

  • Channeling one’s frustration toward a different goal

  • Sometimes healthy defense mechanism

  • Adele (getting broken up with) and channeling her emotions into songwriting can be seen as a prime example of sublimation in action.

Psychoanalysis Today

• Couch sitting

• Transference is likely to happen

  • Transference means that the patient projects feelings and attitudes from past relationships onto the therapist, which can significantly influence the therapeutic process.

• The idea is to delve into unconsciousness

  • Hypnosis (but people say its not real)

  • Dream interpretation

  • free association (having person randomly talk to themselves.. and interpreting the conversation

  • Projective Tests (and test that delves into unconscious

  • Examples are TAT and Inkblot tests

    • Inkblot Test

    • TAT - Thematic Apperception Test

      • Giving subject ambiguous and ask them what is occurring

      • Reveals manifest content

      • can discover latent content

• Pull out Manifest Content

• Then talk about Latent Content

Criticisms of Freud

• He only studied wealthy women in Austria

• Had personal relationships with subjects

• Results are not empirically verifiable (hard to test)

• No predictive power

Humanistic Theory of Personality

• Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Perspective

  • Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR): Attitude of acceptance toward another person

    • how people go to jail for killing people, but their mothers are sad about it

    • causes good self concept

  • Self Concept: all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “Who am I?”

    • Too much can lead to being too self-centered

• Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

  • Self-Actualization: Realizing personal potential

Trait Theories of Personality

• They believe that we can describe people’s personalities by specifying their main characteristics (traits)

• Traits like honesty, laziness, ambition, outgoing are thought to be stable over the course of your lives

  • If you are honesty as a child, you will be honest as an adult

• Traits - Stable personality characteristics of behavior, thought process, and emotions

• Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) NOT SCIENTIFIC/ACCURATE (parlor game)

  • Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I)

  • Sensing (S) or Intuition (N)

  • Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)

  • Judging (J) or Perceiving (P)

• Eysenck’s Introversion-Extroversion scale

  • Factor analysis analyzes multiple variables that are correlated and identifies how those correlations connect with each other

• BIG FIVE personality traits (ON AP TEST — THEY LOVE IT - how does term relate to senario)

  • OCEAN

  • Openness to experience

  • Conscientiousness

  • Extraversion

  • Agreeableness

  • Neuroticism

Social-Cognitive Theories on Personality

• Locus of control

  • Internal (healthy): your own actions will result in the outcome you were seeking

  • External: outcomes are determined by outside forces (fate or luck)

• Albert Bandura

  • Reciprocal Determinism: Traits, environment and behavior all interact and influence each other

  • Observational Learning: if people act nice but think bad things about others, people will think they are still a nice person (Vs if you talk bad about others people will think you’re bad)

Assessing Personality

• Most common way is self report inventories

• Factor analysis