Chapter 37 review copy

Thyroidectomy and Thyroxine Levels

• Thyroidectomy Definition: A surgical procedure to remove all or part of the thyroid gland.

• Thyroxine Levels: Post-thyroidectomy, there is a decrease in thyroxine levels as the gland is either partially or completely removed.

• Hypothyroidism: Resulting condition due to decreased production of thyroxine leading to symptoms associated with low hormone levels.

• Confusion in Notes: There may be errors in documentation regarding whether thyroidectomy causes an increase or decrease in thyroxine; confirming through reliable sources is critical.

Type 1 Diabetes Overview

• Insulin Dependence: Type 1 diabetics require insulin as their bodies cannot produce it due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells.

• Symptoms of High Blood Sugar: Persistent thirst is common because high blood sugar levels prevent the proper use of water in the body, leading patients to become dehydrated despite consuming liquids.

• Importance of Monitoring Blood Sugar: High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) causes symptoms like thirst and the need to regularly check levels to avoid complications.

Ketosis

• Definition of Ketosis: A metabolic state where the body burns fat for fuel instead of glucose.

• Substrate Breakdown: During ketosis, the body primarily breaks down fat and produces ketone bodies to utilize for energy.

Managing Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia)

• Symptoms of Hypoglycemia: Patients may exhibit cold and clammy skin, indicating low blood sugar.

• Immediate Remedies: Quick fixes include administering glucose, such as candy or crackers, to raise blood sugar levels.

• Comparative Treatment: Hyperglycemia is easier to treat than hypoglycemia; if unsure, erring on the side of treating for high blood sugar is safer.

Complications in Diabetics

• Risk of Infection: Diabetics are more susceptible to infections due to poor circulation and elevated blood sugar which creates a hospitable environment for pathogens.

• Impact of High Sugar on Body: Collectively, high sugar leads to clumping and hardening of blood, affecting circulation and organ function.

Lifestyle Changes in Diabetes Management

• Weight Management: Losing weight is a critical strategy for all diabetics to improve blood sugar control.

• Diet and Exercise: A diabetic may achieve significant health improvement by adjusting diet (e.g., reducing sugars and fast foods) and regular exercise, aiding in weight loss and blood sugar stabilization.

• Taste Bud Adaptation: Post dietary changes, individuals may find that their taste preferences evolve, often leading to a dislike for previously enjoyed sugary or salty foods.

Insulin Education and Administration

• Types of Insulin: Distinction between regular (clear) and long-acting insulin and their properties for administration routes.

• Insulin Injection Technique: When drawing insulin from vials, clear (regular) insulin should be drawn before cloudy insulins to avoid contamination.

• Patient Education on Insulin: Newly diagnosed Type 1 patients should always carry snacks, especially when engaging in exercise, to prevent hypoglycemia during physical activity.

Diabetic Foot Care

• Nail Care for Diabetics: Instruct patients to cut toenails straight across to prevent ingrown nails. This is crucial for preventing foot infections.