Ecosystem Services	Definition	Examples
%%Regulating%%	act as regulators for an ecosystem	air quality, climate, water runoff, erosion, natural hazards, pollination
^^Supporting^^	help maintain biodiversity and ecosystem health	nutrient/water cycling, soil formation, photosynthesis
==Provisioning==	the energy or material output of ecosystems	food/fiber, biomass, fuel, freshwater, medicine
Cultural	serve as cultural benefits	ethical values, recreation, ecotourism, religious tokens

%%Biodiversity%% Types: Genetic, Species, Ecological

Genetic Biodiversity - the variation of alleles in a species

Bottleneck Effect: event that decreases amount of alleles

Species Biodiversity - the variation of species in an ecosystem

(richness is the number of different species, balance is the ratio between different species)

Ecological Biodiversity - the variation of an ecosystem in a biome or biosphere

^^Island Biogeography^^

larger area = more species, more immigration, ? extinction

closer to mainland = more species, more immigration, ? extinction

more species means more extinction and less immigration

@@Ecosystem Disruption@@ - a drastic change to an environment (temperature, precipitation, sea level, natural disaster, migration, invasive species, human activity)

Resistance - the ability of an ecosystem to resist disruption (species biodiversity, size, etc.)

Resilience - the ability of an ecosystem to recover from a disruption (generalist and niche species, genetic and species biodiversity, etc.)

Tolerance - the range of conditions a species can live within (soil, temperature, precipitation, etc.)

Keystone Species - essential to ecosystem stability

Indicator Species - species with very low tolerance that can indicate conditions and/or change

Invasive Species - non-native and harmful

@@Succession@@

Primary Succession - when an ecosystem is formed from entirely new soil (volcanic eruptions, barren land, etc.) *bacteria and fungi help break down rocks into soil (hundreds to thousands of years)

Pioneer Community: the initial species of succession, low soil requirements
Seral Species: the stage of species between initial and final, intermediate soil requirements
Climax Community: the final stage of species, most complex producers

Secondary Succession - when an ecosystem is stripped of its species but the soil is relatively unaffected (forest fires, floods, human activity, etc.) (around 50 years, similar process as primary succession)

==Darwin’s 4 Postulates==: