AP Environmental Science - Unit 2
Ecosystem Services | Definition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Regulating | act as regulators for an ecosystem | air quality, climate, water runoff, erosion, natural hazards, pollination |
Supporting | help maintain biodiversity and ecosystem health | nutrient/water cycling, soil formation, photosynthesis |
Provisioning | the energy or material output of ecosystems | food/fiber, biomass, fuel, freshwater, medicine |
Cultural | serve as cultural benefits | ethical values, recreation, ecotourism, religious tokens |
Biodiversity Types: Genetic, Species, Ecological
Genetic Biodiversity - the variation of alleles in a species
Bottleneck Effect: event that decreases amount of alleles
Species Biodiversity - the variation of species in an ecosystem
(richness is the number of different species, balance is the ratio between different species)
Ecological Biodiversity - the variation of an ecosystem in a biome or biosphere
Island Biogeography
larger area = more species, more immigration, ? extinction
closer to mainland = more species, more immigration, ? extinction
more species means more extinction and less immigration
Ecosystem Disruption - a drastic change to an environment (temperature, precipitation, sea level, natural disaster, migration, invasive species, human activity)
Resistance - the ability of an ecosystem to resist disruption (species biodiversity, size, etc.)
Resilience - the ability of an ecosystem to recover from a disruption (generalist and niche species, genetic and species biodiversity, etc.)
Tolerance - the range of conditions a species can live within (soil, temperature, precipitation, etc.)
Keystone Species - essential to ecosystem stability
Indicator Species - species with very low tolerance that can indicate conditions and/or change
Invasive Species - non-native and harmful
Succession
Primary Succession - when an ecosystem is formed from entirely new soil (volcanic eruptions, barren land, etc.) *bacteria and fungi help break down rocks into soil (hundreds to thousands of years)
Pioneer Community: the initial species of succession, low soil requirements
Seral Species: the stage of species between initial and final, intermediate soil requirements
Climax Community: the final stage of species, most complex producers
Secondary Succession - when an ecosystem is stripped of its species but the soil is relatively unaffected (forest fires, floods, human activity, etc.) (around 50 years, similar process as primary succession)
Darwin’s 4 Postulates:
trait variation
trait heritability
selective pressure
change in reproduction/survival rate
FRQ on biodiversity (5 parts)
Ecosystem Services | Definition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Regulating | act as regulators for an ecosystem | air quality, climate, water runoff, erosion, natural hazards, pollination |
Supporting | help maintain biodiversity and ecosystem health | nutrient/water cycling, soil formation, photosynthesis |
Provisioning | the energy or material output of ecosystems | food/fiber, biomass, fuel, freshwater, medicine |
Cultural | serve as cultural benefits | ethical values, recreation, ecotourism, religious tokens |
Biodiversity Types: Genetic, Species, Ecological
Genetic Biodiversity - the variation of alleles in a species
Bottleneck Effect: event that decreases amount of alleles
Species Biodiversity - the variation of species in an ecosystem
(richness is the number of different species, balance is the ratio between different species)
Ecological Biodiversity - the variation of an ecosystem in a biome or biosphere
Island Biogeography
larger area = more species, more immigration, ? extinction
closer to mainland = more species, more immigration, ? extinction
more species means more extinction and less immigration
Ecosystem Disruption - a drastic change to an environment (temperature, precipitation, sea level, natural disaster, migration, invasive species, human activity)
Resistance - the ability of an ecosystem to resist disruption (species biodiversity, size, etc.)
Resilience - the ability of an ecosystem to recover from a disruption (generalist and niche species, genetic and species biodiversity, etc.)
Tolerance - the range of conditions a species can live within (soil, temperature, precipitation, etc.)
Keystone Species - essential to ecosystem stability
Indicator Species - species with very low tolerance that can indicate conditions and/or change
Invasive Species - non-native and harmful
Succession
Primary Succession - when an ecosystem is formed from entirely new soil (volcanic eruptions, barren land, etc.) *bacteria and fungi help break down rocks into soil (hundreds to thousands of years)
Pioneer Community: the initial species of succession, low soil requirements
Seral Species: the stage of species between initial and final, intermediate soil requirements
Climax Community: the final stage of species, most complex producers
Secondary Succession - when an ecosystem is stripped of its species but the soil is relatively unaffected (forest fires, floods, human activity, etc.) (around 50 years, similar process as primary succession)
Darwin’s 4 Postulates:
trait variation
trait heritability
selective pressure
change in reproduction/survival rate
FRQ on biodiversity (5 parts)
