NAP - Nervous System
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain+spinal cord = CNS
Housed in cranium
Sulci (Sulcus) - Valleys
Deeper ones are called fissures
Between the hemispheres is Corpus callosum: helps send messages from one side of the brain to another if there is contralateral signaling
Hemisphere called Longitudinal fissure
Gyri (Gyrus)- Mountains
Bumps
What is the basic development of the CNS?
CNS begins to form in 3rd week of fertilization
Day 18 the neural plate emerges from the ectoderm layer of tissue
Day 20 neural plate develops and expands giving rise to neural folds
Day 21 neural folds invaginate(go in) & form the neural tube & heartbeat begins
Neural tube has head ( rostral neuropore) and a tail ( caudal neuropore)
Rostoral goes with top -> anterior & caudal -> spinal cord
Neuropores
What is the rostral neuropore?
related to the encephalon (brain)
Function: gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres, to the brain stem, and to the cerebellum
Cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, and cerebellum develop from the rostral neuropore
What is the caudal neuropore?
Function: gives rise to the spinal cord
Failed Neural Tube Development
What does failed rostral neuropore failure cause?
Anencephaly (absence of the brain)
Microcephaly (underdeveloped brain)
What does failed caudal neuropore failure cause?
Failure to close -> Spina bifida
Early CNS development
What happens in early CNS development?
16 weeks (4 mo post fertilization)- basic CNS structures in place & ready for further development
4 mo in utero- muscles spontaneously move
Ex.pregnant women feeling flutters in belly (popcorn in belly= baby moving)
21 weeks- imagination of neural folds to create neural tube
6 mo in utero- fetus responding to outside noise of the uterus
Ex. recognizing mothers voice
Ears develop before vision
Ex. No vision between eyeball and brain
We are all born with natural auditory abilities, we should have strength in auditory system
Ex. if a parent says there child is a visual learner, their is breakdown in the auditory system, if they are relying on visual system for learning later.
We all become multisensory learners over time
@ birth brain requires 3x amount of oxygen
NICU baby need much more oxygen to make sure brain is developing well
Neurons will proliferate at 250,000 / min ->creating 10 billion interconnecting neural circuits
@ birth newborn demonstrates archetype reflexes ( sucking, rooting, gasping) -> mediated by medulla & cerebellum
What kind of cells are in the cerebellum?
Purkinjie cells
What do the cells do?
Responsible for archetype reflexes
@5 posterior brain (senses) more developed than anterior of the brain (motor speech)
Ex. moves back to the front , C shaped, sensory before motor before the language
@9-11 convolutions appear
@14 brain growth begins to slow down
Embryological Phenomena that occur
What would happen if the neural pore does not fuse?
Lead to spina bifida
What would happen if something disrupts the rostral neuropore development?
Anencephaly (absence of the brain)
@ 4wks post fertilization what is the encephalon (brain) composed of/ What are the 3 subdivisions that develop from the neural tube?
Prosencephalon -> becomes forebrain
Function: give rise to telecephalon& diancephalon
Mesencephalon ->midbrain
Function: give rise to some midbrain/brainstem components
Rhombencephalon -> hindbrain
Function: gives rise to medulla in cerebellum +spinal cord
Encephalon further divided
What is a brain infection called?
Encephalitis
encephalon= brain overall
At 4th week of gestation the neural folds expand and fuse to form 3 primary brain vesicles. What are they, and what do they further develop into?
Prosencephalon is subdivided into:
Telencephalon: cerebral hemisphere, white matter, basal ganglia, olfactory tract “big daddy”- most of the cerebrum
Rhinencephalon is located within the telencephalon, contains the parts for olfaction
Rhinencephalon means nose
Cranial nerve 1 &2 are cortical
CN 1 = olfactory nerve
Diencephalon: thalmus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland & optic track
Later becomes thalmic complex & 3rd ventricle
Mesencephalon: midbrain does not divide
Rhombencephalon is subdivided into:
Metencephalon
Later becomes the pons and cerebellum
Myelencephalon
Later becomes the medulla oblongata
Rest of the rhombencephalon becomes the spinal cord
Study tip:
Prosencephalon- “Preceding present -before everything else” “Before brain and the telecephalon
Mesosephalon- “middle, medial, mid brain”
Rhombencephalon- “ apart of caudal area, rear of the brain”
Mid brain = pigSTY
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
How is embryological development, list the pieces and parts and the functions.
Week 4: Primary vesicles
Prosencephalon-> form the cerebrum
Mesencephalon-> midbrain
Rhombencephalon-> brainstem and cerebellum
End of neural tube will form spinal cord
Brain continues to develop-> 2 of the primary vesicles subdivide to form secondary vesicles
Prosencephalon
telencephalon
Cerebral hemispheres
Will grow more rapidly than other parts of the tube
Diencephalon
Thalmus, hypothalamus,
Mesencephalon= mid brain
Rhombencephalon
Metencephalon
Pons & cerebellum
Myelencephalon
Medulla
End of neural tube=spinal cord
Diencephalon Structures
What are the structures of the diencephalon and what are their functions?
Subthalamus: located in subthalamic nuclei (bundles of fibers in the brain)
Function: receives input from globus pallidus and motor cortex &controls striated muscle
Hypothalamus
Nuclei / ganglia (many neurons)
Structure of limbic system
Function: regulation of certain behaviors &metabolic function ; reproductive behavior, desire for food
Thalamus
Function: relay sensory information from peripheral nervous system to the cerebral cortex
“Takes in sensory feeling from outside world and its a relay station before it gets to the brain”
Reticular activating system- arousing the cortex
“Alerting cortex that info is coming in”
Ex. ADHD studies with level of arousal that brain experiences
Epithalamus:
Pineal body is responsible for glands that help develop our gonads (sex organ structures)
Habenular nuclei (band of fibers)
Habenular commissure (gap)
Striae medularis
Posterior commissure
What happens if the reticular activation system is damaged?
You will die, because if we arent arousing the cortex to any stimuli then there is no stimuli for the brain to process, theres a lack of awareness and you will likely pass
Brain (Encephalon)
Precentral gyrus - motor strip
Postcentral gyrus-sensory strip
Lateral fissure - separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe
Longitudinal fissure- seperates the hemisphere
Sylivian fissure
Fissure of Rolando - separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe
Super marginal gyrus- important for reading
Angular gyrus - important for reading
Hessels gyrus
Brochas area
Wernicke's area
Broadmans
The Cerebrum
Test tip:
The cerebrum is going to be all the structures related to the telencephalon ( where we talk about different lobes)
What are the parts of the cerebrum and whats its function?
Its the control center & holds billions of neurons / glial cells
Hemispheres
Left & Right and they are connected by (fibers) colled the corpus callosum
Limbic system: subcortical system
Basal nuclei (basal ganglia): subcortical
Function: controls thinking functions
What are the 3 meningeal linings wrapped around the brain?
Dura mater (outside)
Arachnoid mater “lacy spider web appearance”
Pia mater
What kind of fluid is in the brain?
Cerebral spinal fluid
Cortical Divisions
What is similar and what is different between right and left hemispheres?
Left hemisphere | Same | Right hemisphere |
---|---|---|
Left temporal lobe: language | Identical in appearanceFrontalTemporalParietalOccipitalIf you split apart the area right by the temporal and frontal lobe -> then split apart sylvian fissure and open it up-> lying immediately inferior to the outer pieces and parts is the -> insula/insular lobe | Responsible for other functions that are complementary to what happening on the left sid for processing |
Meningeal linings of the cerebrum
What are the meningeal linings of the cerebrum?
Dura mater - tough, most superficial “duracel battery- tough”
Epidural space- superficial to dura mater
Arachnoid mater- lacey spiderlike blood vessels “spider sucking blood vessels”
Pia mater - thin covering contours (on top) of brain
Supports neural vascular tissue
Protects and nurtures central nervous system (CNS)
Supports brain
Megingeal linings of spinal cord
Protec from shocks due to movement trauma
Ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Layers of Cerebrum
Corticobular Tract
Corticospinal tract
Upper Motor Neurons (UMN)
Lower Motor Neurons (LMN)
+/- signs of UMN
Signs of LMN lesions
Landmarks of cerebrum
The motor homonculus & sensory homonculus
The frontal lobe
The parietal lobe
The temporal lobe
The insula
The occipital lobe
The perisylvian zone
Surface of cerebral cortex
Types of Fibers
White matter association pathways
The limbic system
Anatomy of subcortex
Diencephalon Structures
The association cortex
The cerebellum
The cerebellar feedback loop
The brainstem
The spinal cord
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain+spinal cord = CNS
Housed in cranium
Sulci (Sulcus) - Valleys
Deeper ones are called fissures
Between the hemispheres is Corpus callosum: helps send messages from one side of the brain to another if there is contralateral signaling
Hemisphere called Longitudinal fissure
Gyri (Gyrus)- Mountains
Bumps
What is the basic development of the CNS?
CNS begins to form in 3rd week of fertilization
Day 18 the neural plate emerges from the ectoderm layer of tissue
Day 20 neural plate develops and expands giving rise to neural folds
Day 21 neural folds invaginate(go in) & form the neural tube & heartbeat begins
Neural tube has head ( rostral neuropore) and a tail ( caudal neuropore)
Rostoral goes with top -> anterior & caudal -> spinal cord
Neuropores
What is the rostral neuropore?
related to the encephalon (brain)
Function: gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres, to the brain stem, and to the cerebellum
Cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, and cerebellum develop from the rostral neuropore
What is the caudal neuropore?
Function: gives rise to the spinal cord
Failed Neural Tube Development
What does failed rostral neuropore failure cause?
Anencephaly (absence of the brain)
Microcephaly (underdeveloped brain)
What does failed caudal neuropore failure cause?
Failure to close -> Spina bifida
Early CNS development
What happens in early CNS development?
16 weeks (4 mo post fertilization)- basic CNS structures in place & ready for further development
4 mo in utero- muscles spontaneously move
Ex.pregnant women feeling flutters in belly (popcorn in belly= baby moving)
21 weeks- imagination of neural folds to create neural tube
6 mo in utero- fetus responding to outside noise of the uterus
Ex. recognizing mothers voice
Ears develop before vision
Ex. No vision between eyeball and brain
We are all born with natural auditory abilities, we should have strength in auditory system
Ex. if a parent says there child is a visual learner, their is breakdown in the auditory system, if they are relying on visual system for learning later.
We all become multisensory learners over time
@ birth brain requires 3x amount of oxygen
NICU baby need much more oxygen to make sure brain is developing well
Neurons will proliferate at 250,000 / min ->creating 10 billion interconnecting neural circuits
@ birth newborn demonstrates archetype reflexes ( sucking, rooting, gasping) -> mediated by medulla & cerebellum
What kind of cells are in the cerebellum?
Purkinjie cells
What do the cells do?
Responsible for archetype reflexes
@5 posterior brain (senses) more developed than anterior of the brain (motor speech)
Ex. moves back to the front , C shaped, sensory before motor before the language
@9-11 convolutions appear
@14 brain growth begins to slow down
Embryological Phenomena that occur
What would happen if the neural pore does not fuse?
Lead to spina bifida
What would happen if something disrupts the rostral neuropore development?
Anencephaly (absence of the brain)
@ 4wks post fertilization what is the encephalon (brain) composed of/ What are the 3 subdivisions that develop from the neural tube?
Prosencephalon -> becomes forebrain
Function: give rise to telecephalon& diancephalon
Mesencephalon ->midbrain
Function: give rise to some midbrain/brainstem components
Rhombencephalon -> hindbrain
Function: gives rise to medulla in cerebellum +spinal cord
Encephalon further divided
What is a brain infection called?
Encephalitis
encephalon= brain overall
At 4th week of gestation the neural folds expand and fuse to form 3 primary brain vesicles. What are they, and what do they further develop into?
Prosencephalon is subdivided into:
Telencephalon: cerebral hemisphere, white matter, basal ganglia, olfactory tract “big daddy”- most of the cerebrum
Rhinencephalon is located within the telencephalon, contains the parts for olfaction
Rhinencephalon means nose
Cranial nerve 1 &2 are cortical
CN 1 = olfactory nerve
Diencephalon: thalmus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland & optic track
Later becomes thalmic complex & 3rd ventricle
Mesencephalon: midbrain does not divide
Rhombencephalon is subdivided into:
Metencephalon
Later becomes the pons and cerebellum
Myelencephalon
Later becomes the medulla oblongata
Rest of the rhombencephalon becomes the spinal cord
Study tip:
Prosencephalon- “Preceding present -before everything else” “Before brain and the telecephalon
Mesosephalon- “middle, medial, mid brain”
Rhombencephalon- “ apart of caudal area, rear of the brain”
Mid brain = pigSTY
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
How is embryological development, list the pieces and parts and the functions.
Week 4: Primary vesicles
Prosencephalon-> form the cerebrum
Mesencephalon-> midbrain
Rhombencephalon-> brainstem and cerebellum
End of neural tube will form spinal cord
Brain continues to develop-> 2 of the primary vesicles subdivide to form secondary vesicles
Prosencephalon
telencephalon
Cerebral hemispheres
Will grow more rapidly than other parts of the tube
Diencephalon
Thalmus, hypothalamus,
Mesencephalon= mid brain
Rhombencephalon
Metencephalon
Pons & cerebellum
Myelencephalon
Medulla
End of neural tube=spinal cord
Diencephalon Structures
What are the structures of the diencephalon and what are their functions?
Subthalamus: located in subthalamic nuclei (bundles of fibers in the brain)
Function: receives input from globus pallidus and motor cortex &controls striated muscle
Hypothalamus
Nuclei / ganglia (many neurons)
Structure of limbic system
Function: regulation of certain behaviors &metabolic function ; reproductive behavior, desire for food
Thalamus
Function: relay sensory information from peripheral nervous system to the cerebral cortex
“Takes in sensory feeling from outside world and its a relay station before it gets to the brain”
Reticular activating system- arousing the cortex
“Alerting cortex that info is coming in”
Ex. ADHD studies with level of arousal that brain experiences
Epithalamus:
Pineal body is responsible for glands that help develop our gonads (sex organ structures)
Habenular nuclei (band of fibers)
Habenular commissure (gap)
Striae medularis
Posterior commissure
What happens if the reticular activation system is damaged?
You will die, because if we arent arousing the cortex to any stimuli then there is no stimuli for the brain to process, theres a lack of awareness and you will likely pass
Brain (Encephalon)
Precentral gyrus - motor strip
Postcentral gyrus-sensory strip
Lateral fissure - separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe
Longitudinal fissure- seperates the hemisphere
Sylivian fissure
Fissure of Rolando - separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe
Super marginal gyrus- important for reading
Angular gyrus - important for reading
Hessels gyrus
Brochas area
Wernicke's area
Broadmans
The Cerebrum
Test tip:
The cerebrum is going to be all the structures related to the telencephalon ( where we talk about different lobes)
What are the parts of the cerebrum and whats its function?
Its the control center & holds billions of neurons / glial cells
Hemispheres
Left & Right and they are connected by (fibers) colled the corpus callosum
Limbic system: subcortical system
Basal nuclei (basal ganglia): subcortical
Function: controls thinking functions
What are the 3 meningeal linings wrapped around the brain?
Dura mater (outside)
Arachnoid mater “lacy spider web appearance”
Pia mater
What kind of fluid is in the brain?
Cerebral spinal fluid
Cortical Divisions
What is similar and what is different between right and left hemispheres?
Left hemisphere | Same | Right hemisphere |
---|---|---|
Left temporal lobe: language | Identical in appearanceFrontalTemporalParietalOccipitalIf you split apart the area right by the temporal and frontal lobe -> then split apart sylvian fissure and open it up-> lying immediately inferior to the outer pieces and parts is the -> insula/insular lobe | Responsible for other functions that are complementary to what happening on the left sid for processing |
Meningeal linings of the cerebrum
What are the meningeal linings of the cerebrum?
Dura mater - tough, most superficial “duracel battery- tough”
Epidural space- superficial to dura mater
Arachnoid mater- lacey spiderlike blood vessels “spider sucking blood vessels”
Pia mater - thin covering contours (on top) of brain
Supports neural vascular tissue
Protects and nurtures central nervous system (CNS)
Supports brain
Megingeal linings of spinal cord
Protec from shocks due to movement trauma
Ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Layers of Cerebrum
Corticobular Tract
Corticospinal tract
Upper Motor Neurons (UMN)
Lower Motor Neurons (LMN)
+/- signs of UMN
Signs of LMN lesions
Landmarks of cerebrum
The motor homonculus & sensory homonculus
The frontal lobe
The parietal lobe
The temporal lobe
The insula
The occipital lobe
The perisylvian zone
Surface of cerebral cortex
Types of Fibers
White matter association pathways
The limbic system
Anatomy of subcortex
Diencephalon Structures
The association cortex
The cerebellum
The cerebellar feedback loop
The brainstem
The spinal cord