Plumbing Fixtures

Plumbing Fixtures

• Plumbing Fixtures:

  • Approved-type installed receptacles, devices, or appliances supplied with water.
  • Receive liquid or liquid-borne wastes.
  • Discharge wastes into the drainage system (directly or indirectly connected).
  • Examples: water meter, gauge.

• Plumbing Appurtenance:

  • A manufactured device, prefabricated assembly, or on-the-job assembly of component parts.
  • Serves as an adjunct to the basic piping system and plumbing fixtures.
  • Does not demand additional water supply.
  • Does not add any discharge load to a fixture or the drainage system.
  • Performs useful functions in operation, maintenance, servicing, economy, or safety of the plumbing system.
  • Examples: washing machine, dishwasher.

• Plumbing Appliance:

  • A special class of device or equipment intended to perform a special plumbing function.
  • Operation and/or control may depend on energized components (motors, controls, heating elements, pressure-temperature sensing elements).
  • May operate automatically through:
    • Time cycle
    • Temperature range
    • Pressure range
    • Measured volume or weight
  • May be manually adjusted or controlled by the user or operator.

Common Types of Plumbing Fixtures in Residences

• Water closet
• Lavatory
• Kitchen sink
• Urinal
• Bidet
• Bath tub

Water Closet

• A plumbing fixture used to receive human excrement and discharge it through a waste pipe, using water as a conveying medium.
• Classified according to design, make, flushing mechanism, shape, and installation.

Types of Water Closet as to Design

1. Siphon Washdown:

   • Least expensive but the noisiest.
   • Small amount of standing water is susceptible to fouling, staining, and contamination.
   • Mechanically satisfactory and lower in price.
   • Widely used where price is the main consideration.

2. Siphon Jet:

   • The jet is submerged, introducing water underwater for muffled operation.
   • Large amount of standing water to prevent fouling.
   • Mechanically efficient but expensive.
   • Whirlpool action.

3. Siphon Vortex:

   • Flushing action is developed through water entering diagonal holes around the rim, creating a swirling action.
   • Considered the quietest, most efficient, and most sanitary water closet.
   • Most used and comfortable.

4. Reverse Trap:

   • The trap way is located at the rear of the water closet, eliminating the bulge at the front.
   • The design and appearance of the bowl, plus its large water area and quietness in operation, make it desirable than siphon wash down.

Types of Water Closet as to Make

• One-piece
• Close Coupled
• Pail Flush
• Squat bowl

1. One-piece Water Closet:

   • The fixture is manufactured with the bowl and the flush tank molded into a single unit.
   • Usually used in tandem with the bidet.

2. Closed Coupled Water Closet:

   • A water closet where the flush tank is separate but attached to the toilet bowl.
   • It is a two-piece model.

3. Pail Flush Water Closet:

   • A water closet comprising only a bowl without a flush tank.
   • Flushing action is obtained only through water poured from a pail or bucket.
   • Used in areas where running water systems are not available.

4. Squat Bowl Water Closet:

   • Known as "Eastern type."
   • The user assumes a squatting position rather than a sitting position.

5. Blowout:

   • Toilet bowl design that does not use siphoning in the trapway. Instead, it uses a strong amount of water to create a quick and powerful flush.

Types of Water Closet as to Flushing Mechanism

1. Flush Tank:

   • Holds a supply of water for flushing a fixture, such as the water closet.
   • Has a capacity of 5 to 6 gallons.

2. Flush Valve:

   • Designed to supply a fixed quantity of water for flushing purposes.
   • Activated by direct water pressure without the use of a flush tank.
   • Also known as Flushometer or Flushometer valve.
   • Requires 10 to 20 psi flow pressure.

Types of Water Closet as to Shape

1. Round Front:

   • Intended for installation in a limited space.

2. Elongated Front:

   • More comfortable but occupies a larger space.

Types of Water Closet as to Installation

1. Free Standing (Floor Mounted)
2. Wall Hung (Wall Mounted)

Installation

• Cleaning:
  • Plumbing fixtures shall be installed to provide easy access for repair and cleaning.
  • Pipes from fixtures shall be run parallel and close to the nearest wall or building line.
• Joints:
  • Where a fixture comes in contact with the wall or floor, the joint between the fixture and wall or floor shall be made watertight.
• Securing Fixtures:
  • Floor outlet or floor-mounted fixtures shall be rigidly secured to the drainage connection and floor when so designed with the use of adequately-sized screws or expansion bolts of copper, brass, or other equally corrosion-resistant material.
• Wall-Hung Fixtures:
  • Wall-hung fixtures shall be rigidly supported by metal supporting members or chairs so that no bending or pullout strain is transmitted to the wall.
  • Approved non-corrosive screws or bolts shall secure water closet and urinal flush tanks and similar appurtenances.
• Setting:
  • Fixtures shall be set level and in proper alignment with reference to adjacent walls.
  • No water closet or bidet shall be set closer than 0.375 meter from its center to any side wall or obstruction, nor closer than 0.75 meter center to center to any similar fixture.
  • No urinal shall be set closer than 0.3 meter from its center to any sidewall or partition, nor closer than 0.6 meter center to center.
• Supply Fittings:
  • The supply lines or fittings for every plumbing fixture shall be installed to prevent backflow.

Minimum Trap Diameter and DFU (Drainage Fixture Unit) Value

• Water closet private installation - 76mm Ø (3"), 3 (1.6 GPF), 4 DFU (more than 1.6 GPF)
• Water closet public installation - 76mm Ø (3"), 4 (1.6 GPF), 6 DFU (more than 1.6 GPF)

Size of Water Supply

• Water closet, flush tank - 12mm Ø (1/2"), 2.5 (1.6 GPF)
• Water closet, flush valve - 25mm Ø (1"), 5 (1.6 GPF)

Minimum size of Vent

• The minimum size of vent for water closet is 51mm Ø (2")

Ventilation of T&B

• Ceiling mount exhaust fan duct type
• Thermal exhaust fan

Tiles in terms of Design for T&B

• 200mm x 200mmfor ceramic (unglazed)

Lavatory

• A fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face.
• Also known as wash basin.

Types of Lavatory

1. Wall Hung Lavatory
2. Pedestal Lavatory connect to ground
3. Counter Type Lavatory connected to counterpart
   • Over Counter
   • Under Counter

Material for Lavatories

• Vitreous China
• Enameled Cast Iron
• Stainless Steel
• Plastic

Minimum trap diameter and DFU Value

• Wash basin, in sets - 40mm ø, 2 DFU
• Wash basin, single- 32mm ø, 1 DFU

Size of Water Supply Pipe and WSFU Value

• Lavatory-12mm ø, 1 WSFU (Private use), 1 WSFU (Public use)

Minimum size of Vent for Lavatory

• The minimum size of vent for lavatory is 32mm Ø

Bidet

• A plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body, especially the genitals.
• Also known as the Sitz Bath.
• Setting and clearance shall be the same as in the water closet.
• Bidet minimum trap diameter is 32mm Ø (1 1/4) and its DFU value is 1.
• Bidet minimum trap diameter is 40mm Ø (1 1/2) and its DFU value is 2.
• Size of water supply is 12mm Ø and WSFU is 1 (private)

Bath tub

• A tube for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing installation designed for one person.
• Available in left outlet and right outlet.
• Minimum size of vent is 40mm Ø (1 ½).
• Bathtub minimum trap diameter is 40mm Ø (1 1/2) and the DFU value is 2
• Size of supply pipe is 12mm Ø and WSFU value is 4 (private) and 4 (public)
• Size of supply pipe is 20mm Ø and WSFU value is 10 (private) and 10 (public)

Urinal

• A sanitary fixture equipped with a water supply and drain for flushing away urine.

Types of Urinal

1. Wall hung Urinal
2. Pedestal Urinal
3. Stall Urinal
4. Through Urinal

Minimum Trap Diameter and DFU Value

• Urinal, Integral Trap - 50mm Ø (2"), 2 DFU

Size of Supply Pipe and WSFU

• Urinal, 1 GPF 20mm ø (3/4"), 3 WSFU (private), 4 WSFU (public)
• Urinal, greater than 1 GPF-20 mm Ø (3/4"), 4 WSFU (private), 5 WSFU (public)

Minimum Size of Vent

• The minimum size of vent is 40mm Ø

Kitchen Sink

• A plumbing fixtures usually consisting of a basin with a water supply, connected with a drain.

Types of Kitchen Sink

• Single Bowl- Single Drain
• Double Bowl- Single Drain
• Double Bowl- Double Drain
• Triple Bowl
• Corner Sink

Other Plumbing Fixtures

• Slop Sink:
  • A deep sink, usually set low and used by janitors for emptying pails of dirty water and mop cleaning.
• Drinking Fountain:
  • A fixture consisting of a shallow basin, together with a water jet designed to provide potable water for human consumption.
• Laundry Tub:
  • A deep wide sink used for washing clothes.
  • Also known as Laundry Tray or Set Tub.
• Scrub Sink:
  • Located in the operating room in a hospital to enable personnel to scrub their hands prior to a surgical procedure;
  • The hot and cold water supply is activated by a knee-action mixing valve or by wrist or pedal control.

Drainage Fixture Unit Values (DFU)

Refer to table

Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU)

Refer to Table

Roughing-ins dimension for typical toilet fixtures

Refer to diagram

Code Requirements: Plumbing Fixtures (UPC)

1. QUALITY OF FIXTURES
   • Dense
   • Durable
   • Non-absorbent
   • Smooth, Impervious Surface
   • Free from unnecessary concealed fouling surfaces
2. WATER COSERVING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS
   • Water closet shall have an average water consumption of a maximum of 1.6 gpf
   • Urinal shall have an average water consumption of a maximum of 1 gpf
   • Metered Faucets shall deliver a maximum of 0.26 (1 liter) gallons of water per use.
   • Self-closing or self-closing metering faucets shall be installed on lavatories intended to serve the transient public, such as those in service stations, train stations, airports, restaurants, and convention halls.
3. STRAINERS AND CONNECTIONS
   • Shower drains shall have a waterway equivalent to the area of the tailpiece.
   • Fixture having concealed slip joint connections shall be provided with an access panel or utility space not less than 0.3m in its least dimension.
   • Continuous wastes and fixture tailpieces, where exposed shall be permitted to be of seamless drawn brass not less than No.20 B & S Gauge (0.8mm).
   • Tailpiece, continuous waste shall not be less than 1-1/2 inches for sinks, dishwashers, laundry tubs, bathtubs, urinals, and similar fixtures and not less than 1-1/4 inches for lavatories, drinking fountains and similar small fixtures.
4. PROHIBITED FIXTURES
   • Water closets having an invisible seal or an unventilated space or having walls which are not thoroughly washed at each discharge shall be prohibited.
   • Drinking fountains shall not be installed in public toilet rooms.
   • Trough urinals and urinals with an invisible seal shall be prohibited
   • No dry or chemical closet (toilet) shall be installed in any building used for human habitation
5. SPECIAL FIXTURES AND SPECIALTIES
   • Restaurant kitchen and other special use sinks shall be permitted to be made of approved type bonderized and galvanized sheet steel of not less than No. 16 U.S. gauge (1.6mm).
   • Special use fixtures shall be made of one of the following:
     • Soapstone
     • Chemical stoneware
     • Copper-based alloy
     • Nickel-based alloy
     • Corrosion-resistant steel
     • Other materials suited for the intended use of fixture
6. INSTALLATION
   • Joint between fixture and wall or floor shall be made water-tight.
   • Floor-outlet or floor mounted fixtures shall be rigidly secured to the drainage connection and to the floor by screws or bolts of copper, brass, or other equally corrosion-resistant material.
   • Wall-hung fixtures shall be rigidly supported by metal supporting members so that no strain is transmitted to the connections.
   • Flush tanks and similar appurtenances shall be secured by approved non-corrosive screws or bolts.
   • No water closet or bidet shall be set closer than 0.375m from its center to any side of the wall or obstruction or closer than 0.75m center to center to any similar fixture.
   • Clear space in front of water closet or bidet shall not be less than 0.6m.
   • No urinal shall be set closer than 0.6m center to center and closer than 0.3m from sidewall or partition
7. WATER CLOSETS
   • Water closet bowls and seats for public use shall be of elongated type and either of open front type or have an automatic seat cover dispenser.
   • In nurseries, schools, and other similar places, water closets for use of children less than 6 years of age shall be of size and height suitable for children's use.
   • Floor mounted, back-outlet water closet soil pipe shall be not less than 3"
   • The floor and wall shall have a flat mounting surface not less than 5" to the right and left of the fixture outlet centerline.
   • Closet ring/Closet Flange shall be approximately 7" (175mm) in diameter
   • Caulked-on closet rings (closet flanges) shall be not less than 1/4" (6mm) thick and not less than 2" in overall depth
   • Water supply to a urinal shall be protected by vacuum breaker or other approved backflow prevention device.
8. FLUSHING DEVICES FOR WATER CLOSETS AND URINALS
   • Automatic flushing tanks - Tanks flushing more than one (1) urinal shall be automatic in operation
   • No manually controlled flushometer valve shall be used to flush more than one (1) urinal.
   • Flush tank for manual flushing shall be controlled by a float valve or other automatic device to fill the tank and provided with overflow discharging to the water closet or urinal connected thereto.
9. FLOOR DRAINS
   • Floor drain shall be considered plumbing fixtures and shall be provided with approved-type strainer having waterway equivalent to the area of the tailpiece.
   • Location of floor drains
     • Toilet rooms containing 2 or more water closet or a combination of 1 water closet and 1 urinal, except in dwelling unit.
     • Commercial kitchens
     • Laundry rooms in commercial buildings and common laundry facilities in multi-family dwelling buildings.
10. SHOWER STALLS
    • Shower receptors are plumbing fixtures.
    • Shower receptor shall be constructed of vitrified china or earthenware, ceramic tile, porcelain-enameled metal, or other material acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
    • Each shower receptor shall be an approved type and be constructed to have a finished dam,curb, or threshold which is at least 25mm (1") lower than the outside floor.
    • In no case shall any dam or threshold be less than (2") 50mm or more than (9") 225mm in depth when measured from the top of the dam or threshold of the drain.
    • The finished floor of the receptor shall slope uniformly from sides towards the drain not less than 2% or 20mm/m or more than 4% or 40mm/m.
    • Thresholds of sufficient width to accommodate a (22") 550mm min.door
    • (22") 550mm min. unobstructed opening for egress of shower doors
    • (0.66 m2) min. finished interior area of shower stalls (any shape) & shall be capable of encompassing a 762mm dia. circle.
    • The minimum area & dimensions shall be maintained from a point above the shower drain outlet to a height of (70") 1.78m with no protrusions other than the fixture valve or valves, soap dishes, shower head & safety grab bars or rails.
    • Shower receptors shall have the sub-floor & rough side of walls to a height of not less than (3") 75mm above the top of the finished dam or threshold.
    • No metallic shower sub-pans or linings may be built-up on jobsite of not less than (3) three layers of standard grade 6.8kg asphalt-impregnated roofing felt.
    • All folds, laps & reinforcing webbing shall extend to at least 101mm in all directions producing a tensile strength of not less than 50 psi in either directions.
    • Floors of public shower rooms shall have a nonskid surface and shall be drained in such a manner that wastewater from one bather shall not pass over areas occupied by other bathers.
    • Gutters in public or gang shower rooms shall have rounded corners for easy cleaning and sloped not less than 2% towards drains.
    • Drains in gutter shall be spaced maximum of 2.4m from sidewalls and not more than 4.8m apart.
11. MINIMUM NUMBER OF REQUIRED FIXTURES
    • Separate Facilities - shall be provided for each sex excepts:
      • residential installations
      • In occupancies serving 10 or fewer people, 1 toilet facility, designed for use by no more than 1 person at a time, shall be permitted for use by both sexes.
      • In business and mercantile occupancies with a total floor area of 1,500 ft2 or less, one toilet facility, designed for use by no more than 1 person at a time, shall satisfy the requirements for serving customers and employees of both sexes.
    • Facilities in Mercantile and business occupancies serving customers.
      • Requirements for customers and employees shall be permitted to be met with a single set of restrooms accessible to both groups.
      • Required number of fixtures shall be the greater of the required number for employees or the required number for customers.
      • Fixture for customer use shall be maximum distance from entry of any store to this facility shall not exceed 500 ft (152.4m).
      • For stores with a floor area of 150 ft2 or less, the maximum distance from entry of any store to this facility shall not exceed 300 ft (91.4m).
12. LIMITATION OF HOT WATER TEMPERATURE FOR PUBLIC LAVATORIES, BATHTUBS and WHIRLPOOL BATHTUBS.
    • Maximum temperature shall be limited to 120 degree F (49 degree C)
    • Where two (2) separate handles control the hot and cold water, the left-hand control of the faucet when facing the fixture fitting outlet shall provide the means to alter the hot water temperature.
    • Maximum hot water temperature for bidet shall be limited to 110 degree F (43 degree C)
13. BATHTUBS AND WHIRLPOOL BATHTUBS
    • Removable panel shall be provided to access and remove the pump.
    • Whirlpool pump access located in crawl space shall be located not more than 20ft (6.1m) from access door, trap door, or crawl hole.
    • The circulation pump shall be located above the crown weir of the trap
    • The pump and the circulation piping shall be self-draining to minimize water retention
14. SHOWER AND TUB-SHOWER COMBINATION CONTROL VAVLES
    • Shall be provided with individual control valves of the pressure balance, thermostatic, or combination pressure balance/thermostatic mixing valve type.

Refer to the tables to know the no. of fixtures depending on occupancy

Minimum Plumbing Facilities

Refer to table

Plumbing Fixtures and Fixture Fittings

1. Table 4-1
   • The figures shown are based upon one (1) fixture being the minimum required for the number of persons indicated or any fraction thereof.
2. Building categories not shown on this table shall be considered separately by the Administrative Authority.
3. Drinking fountains shall not be installed in toilet rooms.
4. Laundry trays. One (1) laundry tray or one (1) automatic washer standpipe for each dwelling unit or one (1) laundry tray or one (1) automatic washer standpipe, or combination thereof, for each twelve (12) apartments. Kitchen sinks, one (1) for each dwelling or apartment unit.
5. For each urinal added in excess of the minimum required, one water closet may be deducted. The number of water closets shall not be reduced to less than two-thirds (2/3) of the minimum requirement.
6. As required by ANSI Z4.1-1968, Sanitation in Places of Employment.
7. Where there is exposure to skin contamination with poisonous, infectious, or irritating materials, provide one (1) lavatory for each five (5) persons.
8. Twenty-four (24) lineal inches (610 mm) of wash sink or eighteen (18) inches (457 mm) of a circular basin, when provided with water outlets for such space, shall be considered equivalent to one (1) lavatory.
9. Laundry trays, one (1) for each fifty (50) persons. Service sinks, one (1) for each hundred (100) persons.
10. General. In applying this schedule of facilities, consideration shall be given to the accessibility of the fixtures. Conformity purely on a numerical basis may not result in an installation suited to the need of the individual establishment. For example, schools should be provided with toilet facilities on each floor having classrooms.
    • Surrounding materials, wall and floor space to a point two (2) feet (610 mm) in front of urinal lip and four (4) feet (1219 mm) above the floor, and at least two (2) feet (610 mm) to each side of the urinal shall be lined with non-absorbent materials.
    • Trough urinals shall be prohibited.
11. A restaurant is defined as a business which sells food to be consumed on the premises.
    • The number of occupants for a drive-in restaurant shall be considered as equal to the number of parking stalls.
    • Employee toilet facilities shall not be included in the above restaurant requirements. Hand washing facilities shall be available in the kitchen for employees.
12. Where food is consumed indoors, water stations may be substituted for drinking fountains. Offices, or public buildings for use by more than six (6) persons shall have one (1) drinking fountain for the first one hundred fifty (150) persons and one (1) additional fountain for each three hundred (300) persons thereafter.
13. There shall be a minimum of one (1) drinking fountain per occupied floor in schools, theatres, auditoriums, dormitories, offices or public building.
14. The total number of water closets for females shall be at least equal to the total number of water closets and urinals required for males.

Notes:

• 1 laundry tray or one 1 automatic washer standpipe per dwelling unit or one 1 laundry tray or 1 automatic washer standpipe, or combination thereof, for each twelve (12) apartments.
• 1 Kitchen sinks, per dwelling or apartment unit.
• 1 lavatory per 5 persons (where there is exposure to skin contamination with poisonous, infectious, or irritating materials)
• 1 laundry tray per 50 persons
• 1 slop sink/service sink per 100 persons
• For offices or public building, 1 drinking fountain for 6 to 150 persons and additional 1 fountain for each 300 persons thereafter
• 1 drinking fountain per occupied floor in schools, theatres, auditoriums, dormitories, offices, or public buildings
• total no. of water closets required for females shall be at least equal for the total no. of water closets & urinals required for males
• Drinking fountain not required in occupancies of 30 or less