week 2 review phil history
Page 1: Introduction
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela
College of Education, Arts and Sciences
Department of Social Sciences
Readings in Philippine History with Indigenous Peoples Study GE 9
Instructor: Reynold P. Alcantara
Page 2: Pre-Colonial People
Boxer Codex: A 16th-century Spanish manuscript.
Contains illustrations of the inhabitants of the Philippines and other regions like China and Japan.
Original manuscript located at Indiana University.
Page 3: Pre-Colonial Government
Barangay: Basic political and economic unit.
Composed of hundreds of people and a small territory.
Headed by a raja or datu.
Sultanate of Sulu: Muslim state ruling over Sulu Sea islands.
Established around 1457; had tributes with China during the 17th-18th centuries.
Judicial process: Chieftains acted as judges; trials were public and involved a jury of barangay elders.
Witnesses swore oaths of truthfulness.
Page 4: Pre-Colonial Religion
Beliefs in immortality and afterlife.
Existence of various gods worshipped with offerings.
Manunggul Jar: A burial jar found in Palawan, dating back to 890-710 B.C.
Represents beliefs in life after death.
Page 5: Pre-Colonial Gods
Bathala: Supreme god.
Diwata: Deity.
Amanikable: God of hunters.
Idiyanale: Goddess of labor.
Ikapati: Goddess of cultivated land.
Anagolay: Goddess of lost things.
Mayari: Goddess of the moon.
Apolaki: God of the sun.
Diyan Masalanta: Goddess of love and childbirth.
Page 6: Pre-Colonial Education
Baybayin: Pre-Spanish writing system from the Brahmic family, in use since 16th century.
Continued during Spanish colonization until late 19th century.
Term "Baybay" means "to spell" in Tagalog.
Education was informal, with tribal tutors teaching vocations.
In the South, Islamic education was imparted by Imams.
Page 7: Pre-Colonial Society
Ruling class:
Lakan/Rajah: Paramount leader of large towns.
Maginoo: Noble class with a following, responsible for governance and warfare.
Timaua: Free non-slave citizens who could land.
Maharlika: Wealthy individuals rendering military service.
Alipin (slaves): Divided into namamahay (own house) and sa gigilid (living with debtor).
Page 8: Reflection Questions
Inquiry on whether early Filipinos were uncivilized as claimed by colonizers.
Page 9: Spanish Colonization Overview
Key figures: Ferdinand Magellan, Garcia Jofre de Loaisa, Sebastian Cabot, Alvaro de Saavedra, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
Page 10: Spanish Colonial Government
Period from 1565 to 1898, known as Spanish Colonial Period.
Philippines ruled under Captaincy General as part of Spanish East Indies.
Initially under Viceroyalty of New Spain until Mexican independence in 1821.
Page 11: Velarde Map
Produced in 1734, significant for being the first scientific map of the Philippines.
Created by Jesuit cartographer, engraver, and artist.
Page 12: Economic Systems in Colonial Era
Bandala System: Forced selling of goods to government at low prices.
Polo y Servicios: Mandatory labor for males aged 16-60, often in hazardous conditions.
Tributo: Tax imposed on Filipinos as loyalty to the Spanish crown.
Page 13: First Mass in the Philippines
March 1521: First Mass held by Father Pedro Valderama, attended by Magellan and local rulers.
Notable figures: Ferdinand Magellan, Rajah Kolambu, Rajah Si-Agu.
Significant as the birth of Catholicism in the Philippines.
Page 14: Lapu-Lapu's Resistance
On April 27, 1521, Lapu-Lapu resisted Spanish invasion and killed Magellan.
Recognized as the first Filipino to repel European aggression.
Page 15: GomBurZa and Propaganda Movement
Highlighted the preservation of clergy governance.
Secularization implemented under Governor-General Simon de Anda.
Page 16: Frailocracy
Definition: Government where church and state are intertwined; ruled by friars.
Impact on governance and control over Filipinos, as detailed in Marcelo H. Del Pilar's satirical works.
Sampung Utos ng Prayle: Sarcastic critique of friar abuses.
Page 17: Reflection Questions on Frailocracy
Inquiry into Marcelo Del Pilar's references and messages.
Analysis of portrayal of friars in his works.
Page 18: Juan Luna's Spolarium
Discussion on symbolism and messages in the painting.
Page 19: Propaganda Movement Overview
Key figures include Rizal, Del Pilar, and Jaena, founded in 1882.
Aimed for reforms through peaceful means.
Published in La Solidaridad.
Page 20: First Phase of the Philippine Revolution (1896-1897)
Key events: Arrest and trial of Bonifacio, discovery of the KKK, Aguinaldo's exile.
Page 21: Kartilya ng Katipunan
Guidelines of the Katipunan espoused by Emilio Jacinto with moral principles.
Page 22: Bonifacio's Death
Financial value of confession letters regarding his execution.
Page 23: Tejeros Convention
Gathering between factions to resolve disputes and form a government.
Key figures: Emilio Aguinaldo (President), Andres Bonifacio (Director of the Interior).
Page 24: Significant Dates in the Philippine Revolution
Timeline outlining events from Aguinaldo's return to the Treaty of Paris in 1898.
Page 25: Assassination of General Antonio Luna
Impact on the Philippine-American War and internal political struggles.
Page 26: Symbolism in Political Cartoons
Analysis of messages in cartoons depicting American leadership and Filipino identity.
Page 27: Japanese Occupation Overview
Duration (1942-1945) and resistance efforts.
Notable events and impact on Filipinos during WWII.
Page 28: Japanese-sponsored Republic
Inauguration with Dr. Jose P. Laurel as President highlighting wartime governance.
Page 29: MacArthur's Landing
General Douglas MacArthur's return marked a pivotal restoration of government post-occupation.
Page 30: Bataan Death March
Forced march of Filipino and American soldiers with high death tolls, significant symbol of wartime atrocities.
Page 31: Commemorating Historical Figures
Mention of notable patriots and the legacy of their contributions to Filipino history.
Page 32: Timeline of Philippine Independence Events
Significant historical events from independence to recent presidents and democracy developments.
Page 33: Reflection on Philippine Presidents
Encourages naming presidents from post-war to present.
Page 34: Key Presidents in History
Information about the last president of the Commonwealth and first of the Third Republic.
Page 35: Treaty of Manila
Marked the restoration of sovereignty for the Philippines, shifting Independence Day to June 12.
Page 36: Martial Law in the Philippines
Overview of events, key figures, and implications of Martial Law imposed by Marcos.
Page 37: Key Points on Martial Law
Summary of human rights violations and societal impacts during the period.
Page 38: Philippine External Debt
Overview of external debt from 1965 to present, highlighting trends under different administrations.
Page 39: The Burden of External Debt
Insight into how each administration contributed to the increase of external debt in the Philippines.
Page 40: Duterte's Spending Policies
Evaluation of Duterte's administration borrowing and economic impact.
Page 41: Activity Reflection
Task assigned to reflect on a significant historical event in Philippine history.