21ST CENTURY LITERATURE

LITPHW1 - 21st Century Literature from The Philippines and the World LESSON 1: WHAT IS LITERATURE? LITERATURE The word literature came from the Latin word “litera” which means “letters”. ● Wellek and Austin’s ● “Theory of Literature” says that works with literary merits are those that clearly convey the attitude of the speaker or writer ● Henry van Dyk ● stated that literature are writings which interpret the meanings of nature and life, in words of charm and power, touched with the personality of the author, in artistic forms of permanent interest. ● Rene Wellek ● posits that literature is a creative act and an art form ● Thomas de Quincey ● underscores the influential ability of literature and categorized them into two kinds ○ The literature of knowledge, it has the capability to teacher others; and ○ The literature of power has the ability to translate one’s beliefs or ideals into action, thus giving the reader the power to instigate change to his or her sphere of influence. ● Milagros Tanlayco ● says that literature is a record, oral and written, of man’s thoughts, man’s experiences, man’s values, in language that is expressed, in language that is beautiful, presented in a manner that isunforgettable. Literature vs literature (summarized) Literature ● suggests that it serves as an invaluablecontribution in history or otherwisemaking its presence enduring andconsiderably timeless. literature ● is a kind of literature that is categorically popular for a certainamount of time. ● Suggesting that literature belongs tothiscategory may be known for a certainperiod but will not stand the test of timeDEFINING THE LITERARY STANDARDSWilliam J. Long - came up with seven literature elements, which serve as the barometer to determine whether aspecific work is literary – which translates asquality literature. 1. Artistry ● pertains to the technicalities of composition of the work. Usually thisisbased on how other aesthetically viewaliterary work whether in the author’swriting technique or in the mastery of how the message of the text is conveyed 2. Intellectual Value ● they are Literature that are characterized as thought-provoking. This feature enables an active participation from the readers by fillinginthe gap of the expertly crafted text. 3. Suggestive Value ● The effectiveness of this feature is literally felt when readers are“moved”. Good literature showcasing this elicits Hoffman Reviewer! TEMPLATE FIRST LONG QUIZan emotional response to the readers making them more involved within the text. 4. Permanence ● ability of a good literature to endure time across culture, gender, age, and history. 5. Style ● Refers to the way the writer has expressed themselves in their work, usually reflected in their writing technique, approach in tackling a theme or manner of delivering narration. 6. Spiritual Value ● ability of the literary work to inspire its readers by lifting the readers’ spirit and nourishing it through some sort of realization or enlightenment 7. Universality ● related to the idea of permanence, this feature suggests that good literature should appeal and be relatable across culture, gender, and time. HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE . PRE-SPANISH LITERATURE IS CHARACTERIZED BY A. Legends ● Form of prose that tells aboUt the origin of a thing, place, location, or name. ● The events are imaginary B. Folktales ● Made up stories about life, adventure, horror, and humor that mirrors a certain group of people. ● These stories are passed fromonegeneration to another through wordof mouth C. Epics ● long narrative poems about heroic achievements ● showcases the epic hero who is theembodiment of the beliefs, aspirations, and the ideals of a certain group of people ● highest form of oral literature as theseare performed or sung in tribal gatherings D. Folk Songs ● Oldest form of Philippine literaure● Songs that mirror te early formof culture. Many of these have 12 syllables E. Epigrams, riddles, chants ● consists of stanzas of wit and wisdomF. Proverbs and Wise Sayings “salawikain”● laws and rules for good behaviour Spanish Period (1565-1898) ● The following were Spanish Influences onthe development of Philippine Literature: ● The first Filipino alphabet was replacedbythe Roman Alphabet. The first book was printed in the Philippines thenentitled “Doctrina Cristiana en lengua Españolay Tagala”. The first university was established in 1611: TheUniversity of Santo Tomas. Also, the Spanish started to introduce Catholicism to the Filipinos, which led to aradical change in literary works, especially theuse of language and the literature produced. Hoffman Reviewer! TEMPLATE FIRST LONG QUIZ● The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices. ● ✣The Spanish language became the literary language with many of its words still in use today. ● ✣European Legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects. Many grammar books were printed in Tagalog (Filipino), Ilocano, and Visayan. ✣Periodicals took on a religious tone during this period. The Period of Enlightenment (1872- 1898) - There were many Filipinos who showed up their courage and fought for freedom. One of them is Dr. Jose P. Rizal (Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y Realonda). Some of his books and writings include: Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Other Filipino heroes who used their writing skills in fighting for freedom are: ● Marcelo H. Del Pilar ● Popular with his pen name Plaridel, Pupdoh, Piping Dilat, and Dolores Manapat. ● Graciano Lopez Jaena ● He established La Solidaridad which later became the official voice of the Association of Hispano de Filipinas (Filipino-Spanish Association) Some of his books and writings include: 1. Noli Me Tangere - the book that gave spirit to the propaganda movement. 2. El Filibusterismo - the sequel of Noli that talks about politics and the corruption within te anish government. Other Filipino heroes who used their writing ills in fighting for freedom ae: 1. Marcelo H. Del Pilar - popular with his pen me Plaridel, Pupdoh, Piping Dilat, and Dolores Manapat. 3. Graciano Lopez Jaena - he established te rst magazine LA SOLIDARIDAD which later became the official voice of the Association o Hispano de Filipinas (Filipino-Spanish Association) composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who worked for reforms Philippines. American Regime (1898-1941) ✣There were three groups of writers who ntributed to Philippine Literature – Spanish, Tagalog, and English writers. ✣English became a medium of instruction a ll as a language that Americans taught to or ancestors through the establishment of the blic school education. Characteristics of Literature during this riod 1. There were three groups of writer who contributed to Philippine Literature - Spanish, Tagalog, and English writers. 2. English became a medium o instruction a ll as a language that Americans taught to r ancestors through the establishment of the blic school education 3. The tagalog writers continued in their lamentations on the condition of the country ad eir attempts to arouse love for one’s native ngue Authors during this period Hoffman Reviewer! TEMPLATE FIRST LONG QUIZ1. Cecilio Apostol - wrote poems dedicated to Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini and all other heroes. (e.g. A Rizal) 2. Paz Marquez Benitez - is one of the celebrated Filipino writers of her time. She penned the critically acclaimed and Filipino classic "Dead Stars". 3. Manuel Arguilla - a short story writer known for infusing "local color" in his works. He wrote short stories such as "Morning in Nagrebcan" and "How my Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife". His writings characterizes the speech and gestures of Filipinos in the rural areas. 4. Valeriano Hernandez Pena - known as the "Father of Tagalog Novel" who penned "Nena and Neneng,", which is reminiscent of "Urbana and Feliza" , a literary work written in the days of Spanish colonization which dictates how people should conduct themselves especially in public gatherings. Japanese Period (1941-1945) This period gave an advantageous stance on Filipino Literature, which experienced renewed attention because writers in English turned to write in Filipino and other vernacular languages. English as a medium of instruction and communication was censored as the Japanese wanted to promote nationalism in Filipinos and the Filipinos' "Asianness". Juan Laya, who used to write in English turned to use Filipino because of the strict prohibition of the Japanese regarding writing in English. Poetry during this period 1. Haiku - a poem of free verse that the Japanese liked. It has 17 Syllables - 5 syllables on the first and third lines, and 7 syllables on the second. This is allegorical in meaning, short, and covers wide scope in meaning 2. Tanaga - short like Haiku but has measure and rhyme. Each line has 17 syllables and is also allegorical in meaning. 3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) - a popular poem written in this period where rhyme scheme and verse are not prescribed. The Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970) The early post-liberation period was markedbya "struggle of mind and spirit” caused by thesudden emancipation from the enemy andthewild desire to see print. Filipinos had learnedtoexpress themselves more confidently by thistime, but postwar problems beyond languageand print-like economic stability threat of newideas, and mortality - all had to be dealt withconcurrently ● The Palanca Awards was launchedinthe 19505, giving inspiration e Thuletoeino writers who shaped and redefinedthe landscape o Philippine literature. The Period of Activism (1970-1972) ● Because of the ills of society, theyouthmoved to reforms. Some continuedtobelieve that democracy in the countryisquite evident. Some believed that socialism or communismshould replacedemocracy. With this divide, fewarmedgroups were formed to bring downthedemocratic form of government. ● The Literary Revolution - The youthbecame strong and rebellious duringthis period. This is proven not only inthebloody demonstrations and in thesidewalk expression but also in literature. This was most especially heightenedduring the First Quarter Stormof 1970, where newspapers showed rebelliousemotions because of the economic andsocial situation that is quite palpableduring this time. The once aristocraticwriters developed an awareness for society. They held pens and wroteonplacards in red paint the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!). Period of the New Society (1972-1980) Hoffman Reviewer! TEMPLATE FIRST LONG QUIZ● When Martial Law was declared in 1972 by the late President Ferdinand Edralin Marcos, the literary landscape of the country. Once was dubbed as the freest press in Asia, censorship on critical news and information related to the government were banned. The government sequestered TV stations and other publications so that information to be circulated in the country is controlled, that is, only those that are favorable to the administration. The military government established a new office called the Ministry of Public Affairs that supervised the newspapers, books and other publications. ● Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development or progress of the country-like the Green Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment, drug addiction, and pollution Period of the third Republic (1981- 1985) ● This stage of the nation's history had an effect on our literature. After the Aquino assassination, the people's voices calling for a change in leadership could no longer be contained. Both the public and private sectors of government chanted and shouted; women, men, and youth became more daring and raised their voices in protest: "TAMA NA! NA SOBRA NA! PALITAN NA! Post EDSA Period (1986-present) In the short span of the existence of the true Republic of the Philippines, several changes are evident. This is most noticeable in new Filipino songs, information in newspapers, speeches, and even television programs. 1. On Newspapers and other publications: Newspapers that were once branded crony newspapers became instant opposition papers overnight. 2. On Books: As a new era begins, the momentsof the glorious, bloodless revolution were commemorated. Some of these books were"People Power" and "Bayan ko". ● These events that happened in thepast were proof that literature has existedtoform the Filipinos' culture, traditions, andidentity. It was used to entertain, preserve memories, and, most importantly, as a powerful tool in thefight against oppression and injustice. ● From the words of Jose Rizal-whoaimed for freedom and loved his country- to the youth who courageously fought the social injustices that threateneddemocracy during Martial Law, andtothose who began to face the newandfree republic with strong resilience. These events were etched in history, and literature bore witness to themliterature was used to give voice tothose who were not heard and to represent those who could not standontheir own. GENRES OF LITERATURE Genre● refers to a category of artistic work that has a specific form or characteristics. Three Main Genres - Prose - Poetry - Drama Prose● known to be a conversational languagepresented orally or in writing ● It is composed of sentences and paragraphs instead of lines and stanzas. Types of Prose Hoffman Reviewer! TEMPLATE FIRST LONG QUIZ1. Fiction 2. Non fiction FICTION ● genre the represents real-life experiences in imaginary narratives, yet its essence can be based on factual and verifiable events Subgenres of Fiction 1. NOVEL ● a long narrative in written form that has a very complicated plot ● usually divided into chapters that are crucial to the story’s main plot ● should have at least 50,000 words Examples: Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo by Dr. Jose Rizal Mga Ibong Mandaragit by Amado V. Hernandez 2. NOVELLA ● A work of fiction intermediate in length and complexity between a short story and a novel. Example: Three Filipino Women: Novellas by F. Sionil Jose 3. SHORT STORY ● shorter than a novella and has a simpler plot Example: Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benite 4. Legend ● more often secular than sacred, and their principal characters are human. ● These stories tell of migrations, wars and victories, deeds of past heroes, chiefs and kings, and successful inruling dynasties example: The Story of Piña Legend of Maria Makiling 5. Myth ● a story that explains the origin of theworld, humanity, death or natural phenomena. ● It also has dealings with Gods andfolkloric creatures example: How the World was Made The Creation How the Moon and Stars Came to Be 5. Fable ● a story about animals that can behavelike humans. ● Stories that are classified under thisgenre contain morals that apply tohumanity. 6. Parable ● a story found in the sacred scriptures. ● It contains symbols that when interpreted, can teach a life lessoninaccordance with Christian faith andteaching. example: Parable of the Wheat and the Tares Parable of Ten Virgins Parable of the Sower Elements of Fiction Hoffman Reviewer! TEMPLATE FIRST LONG QUIZCharacters ● The actors in the story ● Usually, a character embodies a trait or human attribute that the author intends to include in the narrative in order for readers to see the pros and cons of people acting in such a manner. Classifications Protagonist ● story’s main character, and his or her presence is crucial because it propels the plot forward Antagonist ● Opponent ● He or she challenges the protagonist and obstructs the protagonist’s success ● Round characters ● Undergo a certain change as these characters have complex personalities that are strategically unraveled throughout the story Flat characters ● Exact opposite ● They remain constant or do not change throughout the story Setting ● the time and place / environment of the story ● Plot ● the chain of connected events the make up a narrative ● The sequence of events in the story ELEMENTS OF PLOT Exposition ● tells about the background of the story. ● The information can be about thesetting, characters’ back stories, or historical contexts. Rising action ● part of the story after the charactersand setting are introduced and eventsinthe story begin to reveal probableconflicts that the protagonist must resolve. 3. Climax ● is the highest point of tension in thestory. It is usually the most interestingpart. 4. Falling action ● part of a story after the climax andbefore the very end. 5. The Resolution/denouement ● is the final outcome of the story andit iswhere other secrets are revealed, if there is any. Theme ● the central binding thought or topic of the story NON-FICTION ● a literary genre that tells about storiesthat actually happen in real life. ● Deals with real people, places, andevents. SUBGENRES OF NONFICTION AUTOBIOGRAPHY ● a self-written biography. ● The author writes about all or a portionof their own life to share their experience, frame it in a larger cultural Hoffman Reviewer! TEMPLATE FIRST LONG QUIZor historical context, and/or inform and entertain the reader. MEMOIR ● a narrative of an episode in one’s life which usually contains a certain memorable experience BIOGRAPHY ● The story of a person’s life told by another person. ● a biography includes all pertinent details from the subject’s life, typically arranged in a chronological order. ESSAY ● a piece of writing that centers on one topic or subject matter. ● The purpose of an essay may be to inform, to describe, to entertain, or to persuade the readers. Diary● a personal record of a person’s daily activities Journal ● logs of events that happen to a person or group.