America’s Gilded Age, 1870– 1890

102. Jorgen and Otto Jorgensen, Homesteading in Montana (1908)

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Following the Civil War, a flood of mi grants moved beyond the Mississippi River to begin farming. Hundreds of thousands of families obtained land through the Homestead Act, and many more bought it from railroad companies and other private owners. As previously stated Westward movement, often uprooting one's family to take up land located far from settled communities demanded extraordinary bravery and fortitude.

Later interviews with Jorgen Jorgensen and his son Otto, members of the a Danish-American family, recalled making the decision to relocate to Montana in 1906 While popular legend celebrated the lone pioneer settler, the Jorgensen’s experience shows that many homesteaders failed. West as members of communities, which are frequently organized on an ethnic basis.

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[Jorgen:] One would think that we would have been content to stay where we were, but this was not the case. We had always wished to meet other Danes in a Danish congregation in a Danish settlement with a Danish school. There was a Danish Church in Waupaca [Wisconsin], but it was seven miles away.

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All of our neighbors were native Americans. The majority of them were uneducated and not particularly intelligent. They were pleasant and friendly enough, but our fellowship with them provided little satisfaction or enjoyment.

The language was also a hindrance because Kristian [his wife] had not had as much opportunity to learn it as I had. had spent more time with other people. She could make herself understood, but she has since greatly improved. She is fluent in English. books quite well, but writing is something I must do.

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Meanwhile, we had managed to cultivate all of the land that I could handle without hiring help. We only had to plant potatoes in the spring, dig them up in the fall, and haul them to town during the winter, which was a far too tame existence.

I mentioned two reasons for our desire to relocate, but there was a third. The older girls were growing up, and what if one of them came home one day with one of these people from other countries and presented him as her sweetheart? This was unfathomable. (Surprisingly, after we arrived in Montana, one of the girls did come and present an American as her sweetheart, but he was a high-class individual.) He was a lawyer who rose through the ranks to become district judge for Sheridan and other counties.)

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When E. F. Madsen's call to establish a Danish colony in eastern Montana appeared in "Dannevirke" in 1906, I immediately said, "That's where we're going," and Kristian agreed. People, I believe people thought we were insane for abandoning what was, as far as they could tell, the security and comfort we had in the face of insecurity and a cold, harsh climate "You'll freeze to death out there," they warned, recounting terrifying stories of people who died in snowstorms. But it didn't seem to leave an impression on us. I was over the age of 50. Age, and if we were to build another farm, it was time to get serious started.

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E. F. Madsen of Clinton, Iowa, had been out in Montana on October 6, 1906, looking for a location for a new Danish colony and had chosen the location that it now occupies in the northeast corner of Montana, about 25 miles from the Canadian border and close to the Dakota border.

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Madsen gave it the name "Dagman." It is the first such colony in the United States, and its full name is "Dronning Dagmar's Minde" (Queen Dagmar's Memorial). The land is rich in nutrients and features smooth rolling prairies. The land was not surveyed, but anyone over the age of 21 could claim it under Squatter's rights. The initial allotment of 160 acres was later increased to 320 acres...

[Otto:] My first recollection of anyone discussing moving or living somewhere other than where we were was the family sitting at the kitchen table one night, probably in 1906.

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   Pa was reading aloud from the weekly Danish periodical, Dannevirke, as Mother fidgeted with something on the table and observed. When he said, she gave him a glance in her eyes and he ended with "Skul' vi?" Do we need to? We children sat there, myself in particular with my mouth open, sensing when the word Montana was said, there was a distinct feeling in the air.

   MONTANA was mentioned! To me, the term "Montana" was magical! That’s where the Falsbuts intended to go! And the guys from Falsbuts had fully told me what to anticipate there, including buffalo, cowboys, and oh, those wild horses! Homesteads, free land, Montana, and the West!

   Nobody is aware of the potential meanings of those mystical words. 10-year-old boy's thoughts!

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As I've gotten older, I've frequently pondered what inspires some people to have a pioneering spirit while leaving others utterly devoid of it. The concept developed when people started to take the situation seriously, as was demonstrated by the preparations, which included a new cookstove and a swell new harnesses, a large kitchen range, etc. Now, it was "certain" that the large a reality of adventure was about to emerge. It wasn't, however, until the spring.

All the challenges involved in such a project were overcome in 1908, though. Selling the farm, holding an auction, receiving payment, etc. Our lack of sell much—everything was crammed—and I mean crammed—into the immigrant automobile (at special home seekers pricing)! Chickens, pigs, horses, dogs, cows and calf (no cats). Every household item, every piece of farm equipment, every wagon, every mower, hayrake, and every hayrack. The hens were double-decked above the cows using the hayrack.

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I've often wondered what Pa thought about all of this. Outwardly, he never showed anything. I recall the last time we left the farm and were about to board the wagon.

He was buttoning his coat with one hand and reaching down with the other to stroke the big old gray tomcat who was going to be left behind; and he said, "Hello, hello!" I was taken aback because I had never seen him do anything before. Similar to that before He stood up straight and looked around at the good.

New house and big new red barn; and climbed into the wagon slowly, easily, and deliberately. I've always wondered what his at that time, my innermost thoughts were.

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But, like thousands before him, he left little room for sentiment as he set out for the unknown future of the West. In honor of my father, I believe this was his most steadfast moment.

Of course, the die had been cast; the decision had been made some time before, which required courage as well— but the final look at the fruits of his best years, from 12 to 14, brought there was no sign of regret from him. I'm glad to say he never did. You'll live to regret it.

To reject all of this, against the advice of well-intentioned neighbors and friends; Taking a family of eight children out into the untracked prairies fifty miles from the railroad and "nowhere" at the age of 51 took courage and fortitude, to say the least. That kind of spirit and courage, I'm afraid, is quickly becoming extinct in the United States.

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103. Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth (1889)

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Andrew Carnegie, one of the wealthiest men in Gilded Age America, promoted what he called the Gospel of Wealth, the idea that those who accumulated wealth owed it to society. Societal advancement He explained his perspective in this article in the North American Review, one of the most influential magazines of the time.

Carnegie would become well-known for doing what he preached. He contributed to fund the establishment of public libraries across the United States and overseas, and contributed to organizations ranging from Carnegie Hall in New York City to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

However, as an employer, he was tyrannical, strongly opposing labor unions and authorizing the use of violence against his own employees, including during the Homestead strike, which occurred three years after the publication of this article.

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The problem of our time is the proper administration of wealth, so that the bonds of brotherhood can still bind the rich and poor together in harmony.

Human living conditions have not only been altered, but revolutionized in the recent past a few hundreds of years. There used to be little distinction between the chief's residence, clothing, food, and environment, as well as those of his bodyguards Indians are now where civilized man once was. When I visited the Sioux, I was taken to the chief's wigwam.

It was similar to the others in appearance, and the difference between it and the poorest of his braves was minor.

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The contrast between the millionaire's palace and the laborer's cottage with us today reflects the evolution of civilization. This change, on the other hand, should be welcomed rather than bemoaned.

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It is better, nay, essential, for the advancement of the race if some people's homes are homes for all that is highest and best in literature and the arts, and for all the refinements of civilization, rather than none. This great irregularity is preferable to universal squalor.

There can be no Maecenas without wealth. The "good old days" were not so good. Neither the master nor the servant were as well situated as they are today. A return to old conditions would be disastrous for both—especially for those who serve—and would wipe out civilization.

But whether the change is for the better or for the worse, it is unavoidable and must be accepted and made the best of. It is pointless to criticize the unavoidable...

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   The growing proclivity to tax larger and larger estates left to heirs is a heartening sign of a positive shift in public opinion. Subject to certain exceptions, the state of Pennsylvania now takes one-tenth of the property left by its citizens.

   The budget presented to the British Parliament the other day proposes to increase death duties; more importantly, the new tax will be graduated. This appears to be the most prudent method of taxation.

   Men who continue to hoard large sums their entire lives, the proper use of which for public purposes would benefit the community from which it primarily came, should be made to feel that the community, in the form of the State, cannot be deprived of its proper share in this manner.

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   The State condemns the selfish millionaire's unworthy life by heavily taxing estates at death. Nations should go much further in this direction if possible.

   Indeed, it is difficult to define the portion of a wealthy man's estate that should pass to the public through the agency of the State, and such taxes should be graduated, beginning at nothing on modest sums to dependents and rapidly increasing as the amounts grow larger.

   The main consideration in bestowing charity should be to help those who will help themselves; to provide some of the means by which those who want to improve can do so; to provide those who wish to rise with the means to do so; to assist, but rarely or never to do everything.

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   Almsgiving benefits neither the individual nor the race. Except in rare cases, those deserving of assistance rarely require it. Except in the case of an accident or a sudden change, the truly valuable men of the race never do.

   Of course, everyone has cases of people brought to his attention where temporary assistance can do genuine good, and these he will not overlook. However, the amount that an individual can wisely give for individuals is necessarily limited by his lack of knowledge of the circumstances associated with each.

   He is the only true reformer who is as careful and anxious not to help the unworthy as he is to help the worthy, if not more so, because in almsgiving, more harm is probably done by rewarding vice than by relieving virtue.

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   The best way to benefit the community is to put ladders within reach of the aspiring—free libraries, parks, and means of recreation, which help men in body and mind; works of art, certain to give pleasure and improve public taste; and public institutions of various kinds, which will improve the general condition of the people; thus returning their surplus wealth to the mass of their fellows in the best calculable forms.

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   Thus, the rich-poor divide must be resolved. The laws of accumulation and distribution will be left alone.

   Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor, entrusted for a season with a large portion of the community's increased wealth, but administering it far better for the community than it could or would have done for itself.

   The best minds will thus have reached a point in the evolution of the race where it is clear that there is no way to dispose of surplus wealth that is creditable to the thoughtful and earnest men into whose hands it flows, except by using it year after year for the general good. This day has already begun.

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   Men may die without incurring the pity of their fellows, still sharers in great business enterprises from which their capital cannot or has not been withdrawn, and which is primarily left at death for public uses; yet the day is not far off when the man who dies leaving behind him millions of available wealth, which was free for him to administer during life, will pass away "unwept, un honored, and unsung," no matter to what uses he leaves the dross which The public verdict on such people will be: "The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced." Such, in my opinion, is the true gospel of wealth and obedience which is destined to one day solve the rich-poor divide and bring "peace on earth, good will among men".

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   During the Gilded Age, a large number of businessmen and middle-class Americans adopted the Social Darwinist social outlook.

   This school of thought used language from Charles Darwin's great work On the Origin of Species (1859), which expounded the theory of evolution among plant and animal species, to explain the success and failure of individual humans and entire social classes.

   According to Social Darwinists, evolution is as natural in human society as it is in nature, and the government should not interfere.

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   In this view, efforts to lift those at the bottom of the social order, such as labor laws or public assistance to the poor, were particularly misguided. Yale professor William Graham Sumner was the era's most influential Social Darwinist.

   For Sumner, freedom necessitated an open acceptance of inequity. The growing influence of Social Darwinism contributed to the popularization of a "negative" definition of freedom as limited government and an unfettered free market.

   It also aided in convincing courts to overturn state laws governing corporate behavior in the name of "liberty of contract."

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   Man is born with the need to sustain the existence he has been given through an arduous struggle against nature, both to win what is essential to his life and to ward off what is detrimental to it.

   He is born with a burden and a requirement. Nature has what he needs, but she doesn't give it to him for free. If he can, he might be able to win what she has for his use.

   Only a meager and insufficient supply of human needs can be obtained directly from nature. There are trees that can be used for fuel and housing, but they require labor to prepare. There are ores in the ground, but it takes labor to extract the metals and make tools or weapons.

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   Labor is required to obtain genuine satisfaction from the products of nature. Every individual in this struggle is under pressure from the necessities of food, clothing, shelter, and fuel, and each individual brings with him more or less energy for the conflict necessary to supply his needs.

   The relationship between each man's needs and energy, or "individualism," is thus the first fact of human life. However, we speak of a "man" as the individual in question for a reason: women (mothers) and children have special disabilities for the struggle with nature, and these disabilities. Grow larger and last longer as civilization progresses.

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   The survival of the race in health and vigor, as well as its overall success in the struggle to expand and develop human life on Earth, require that the head of the family be able to supply not only his own needs, but those of the organisms that rely on him, through his energy.

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   The historical backdrop of humanity shows an extraordinary assortment of tests in the connection of the genders and in the association of the family.

   These tests have been constrained by monetary conditions, however, as man has acquired and more command over financial conditions, monogamy and the family schooling of youngsters have been increasingly more forcefully evolved. Assuming there is one thing as to which the understudy of history and social science can attest with certainty that social foundations have made "progress" or developed "better," it is in this game plan of marriage and the family.

   All experience demonstrates that monogamy, unadulterated and severe, is the sex connection which conduces most to the power and knowledge of the race, and that the family schooling of youngsters is the establishment by which the race overall advances most quickly, from one age to another, in the battle with nature.

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   The steady inclination of populace to surpass the method for resource is the power which has dispersed populace over the world, and created all development in progress. Right up 'til now the two methods for get out for an overpopulated nation are migration and a development in artistic expression. The previous wins more land for similar individuals; the last option makes a similar land support more people.

   If, notwithstanding, both of these methods opens an opportunity for an increment of populace, it is obvious that the benefit so won might be rapidly depleted on the off chance that the increment happens. The social trouble has just gone through a transitory enhancement, and when the states of tension and rivalry are reestablished, hopelessness and destitution return.

   The survivors of them are the people who have acquired illness and corrupted hungers, or have been raised in bad habit and obliviousness, or have themselves respected bad habit, lavishness, inaction, and lack of caution. In the last examination, thusly, we return to bad habit, in its unique and genetic structures, as the reciprocal of hopelessness and destitution. The condition for the total and customary activity of the power of rivalry is freedom.

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Freedom implies the security given to each man that, assuming that he utilizes his energies to support the battle for the benefit of himself and those he really focuses on, he will discard the item solely as he picks.

It is difficult to know whence any definition or standard of equity can be determined, in the event that it isn't found from this perspective on things; or on the other hand on the off chance that not the meaning of equity each will partake in the product of his own work and discipline, and of shamefulness that the inactive and the enterprising, the egocentric and oneself denying, will share similarly in the item.

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Confidential property, likewise, which we have seen to be an element of society coordinated as per the regular states of the battle for presence produces disparities between men. The battle for presence is pointed against nature. It is from her dark hand that we need to wrest the fulfillments for our requirements, however our individual men are our rivals for the small stock.

Rivalry, in this manner, is a law of nature. Nature is altogether unbiased; she submits to him who most vivaciously and unflinchingly pounces upon her. She allows her awards to the fittest, subsequently, regardless of different contemplations of any sort. On the off chance that, there be freedom, men get from her simply with respect to their works, and their having and appreciating are in relation to their being and their doing.

Such is the arrangement of nature. On the off chance that we could do without it, and assuming we attempt to alter it, there is just a single manner by which we can make it happen. We can take from the better and provide for the more terrible. We can divert the punishments of the individuals who have done sick and toss them on the people who have improved.

We can take the compensations from the individuals who have improved and give them to the people who have done more regrettable. We will in this manner decrease the disparities. We will lean toward the endurance of the un fittest, and we will achieve this by obliterating freedom. Allow it to be perceived that we can't go beyond this other option: freedom, in fairness, natural selection; not-freedom, balance, endurance of the unsuitableness'. The previous conveys society forward and inclines toward all its best individuals; the last option conveys society downwards and leans toward all its most terrible individuals.

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What we mean by freedom is polite freedom, or freedom under regulation; and this implies the certifications of regulation that a man will not be slowed down while involving his own powers for his own government assistance. It is, in this way, a common and political status; and that country has the freest organizations wherein the certifications of harmony for the worker and security for the entrepreneur are the most elevated.

Freedom, in this way, in no way, shape or form get rid of the battle for presence. We should attempt to get rid of the need of eating, for that would, in actuality, be exactly the same thing. What common freedom does is to turn the opposition of man with man from viciousness and savage power into a modern contest under what men compete with each other for the procurement of material merchandise by industry, energy, ability, thriftiness, judiciousness, moderation, and other modern ethics.

Under this changed request of things the disparities are not discarded. Nature actually allows her prizes of having and appreciating, as indicated by our being and doing, yet it is currently the man of the greatest preparation and not the man of the heaviest clench hand who acquires the most elevated reward. It is inconceivable that the man with capital and the man without capital ought to be equivalent.

To insist that they are equivalent is say that a man who has no instrument can get as much food out of the ground as the one who has a spade or a furrow; or that the one who has no weapon can protect himself too against threatening monsters or unfriendly men as the one who has a weapon. Assuming that were thus, not a solitary one of us would work any longer. We work and deny ourselves to get capital, on the grounds that, taking everything into account, the one who has it is predominant, for accomplishing every one of the closures of life, to the one who has it not.

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105. A Second Declaration of Independence (1879)

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Not all Americans stuck to the Social Darwinist meaning of freedom as forthcoming acknowledgment of social in equity in an unregulated market. During the Plated Age, the work development introduced a totally different comprehension of opportunity.

It offered a wide cluster of projects, from public work in difficult situations to cash change, disorder, communism, and the production of an enigmatically characterized "helpful republic." This large number of thoughts emerged from the conviction that social circumstances during the 1870s and 1880s required radical change.

One of the most pop u lar requests was for regulation laying out eight hours as a legitimate day's worth of effort. In 1879, Ira Steward, a conspicuous association pioneer, drafted a changed variant of the Statement of Freedom for a Fourth of July work outing in Chicago.

He demanded that higher wages and more noteworthy recreation time would empower laborers to foster new cravings, consequently expanding interest for merchandise and helping producers, workers, and society at large. Steward's program delineates how, in the fallout of the Nationwide conflict, reformers of various sorts progressively focused on the public authority to achieve social change. It likewise uncovers another feeling of recognizable proof between American laborers and their partners abroad.

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Settled, That the down to earth question for an American Fourth of July isn't among opportunity and servitude, yet among abundance and destitution. For in the event that workers should have as little as conceivable of the abundance they produce, South Carolina slaveholders were correct and the Massachusetts abolitionists were off-base.

Since, while the common laborers are denied everything except the barest necessities of life, they have no fair need for freedom. . . .Servitude is . . . the offspring of destitution, rather than neediness the offspring of subjugation: and opportunity is the offspring of riches, rather than abundance the offspring of opportunity. The main street, subsequently, to all inclusive opportunity is the street that prompts widespread riches.

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   Settled, That while the Fourth of July was proclaimed 100 quite a while back for the sake of Liberty, we currently messenger this day for benefit of the extraordinary monetary proportion of Eight Hours, or more limited day's worth of effort for breadwinners all over . . .

   since additional recreation, rest and thought will develop propensities, customs, and uses that mean higher wages: and the world's most generously compensated workers currently outfit each other with boundlessly a bigger number of occupations or days' work than the least paid specialists can provide for each other. . . .

   On the off chance that the specialist's ability to purchase increments with his ability to do, silos and product houses will discharge their pockets, and homesteads and processing plants top off with makers. . . . Furthermore, we call to the specialists of the entire enlightened world, particularly those of France, Germany, and Great Britain, to hold hands with the workers of the United States in this strong development. . . .

   Subsequently will eight hours win; income and days' work, abundance, and business thriving increment, monetary inverts be made unthinkable, and the entire human race liberated . . . from the entrepreneur dictatorship which is made conceivable and fundamental by the neediness of the vast majority of humanity.

   On the issue of eight hours, along these lines, or less hours, we hold hands with all, paying little heed to legislative issues, identity, variety, religion, or sex; knowing no companions or adversaries besides as they help or go against this long - deferred and overall development. What's more, for the sufficiency of our political economy, as well as the integrity of our aims, we unhesitatingly and readily appeal to the smarter diplomacy of the acculturated world.

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106. Henry George, Progress and Poverty (1879)

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   Disappointment with social circumstances in the Gilded Age broadened well past oppressed laborers. Frightened by dread of class fighting and the developing influence of concentrated riches, social masterminds offered various designs for change.

   Among the most persuasive was Henry George, whose Progress and Poverty became one of the period's extraordinary hits. Its remarkable achievement vouched for what George called %%"a far reaching cognizance . . . that there is something fundamentally off-base in the current social association." %%

   George's book started with a renowned assertion of "the issue" recommended by its title — the extension of destitution close by material advancement. His answer was the "single expense," which would supplant different charges with a demand on expansions in the worth of land.

   The single duty would be high to the point that it would forestall hypothesis in both metropolitan and rustic endlessly land would then open up to hopeful finance managers and metropolitan working men trying to become ranchers.

   Whether they trusted in George's answer, a great many pursuers answered his reasonable clarification of monetary connections and his mixing record of how the "unfair and inconsistent dissemination of abundance" long remembered to be bound to the Old World had shown up in the New.

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   The wrongs emerging from the unreasonable and inconsistent circulation of abundance, which are turning out to be increasingly more evident as current civilization goes on, are not occurrences of progress, but rather propensities which should stop progress; that they won't fix themselves, however, running against the norm, must, except if their objective is taken out, become more prominent and more prominent, until they clear us back into brutality by the street each past development has trample.

   Yet, it additionally shows that these disasters are not forced by regular regulations; that they spring exclusively from social mal-changes which disregard normal regulations, and that in eliminating their goal we will be giving a tremendous catalyst to advance.

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   The destitution which amidst overflow, squeezes and imbrutes men, and every one of the complex wrongs which stream from it, spring from a refusal of equity. In allowing the syndication of the normal open doors which nature uninhibitedly offers to all, we have overlooked the central law of equity — for such a long ways as may be obvious, when we view things upon a huge scope, equity is by all accounts the preeminent law of the universe.

   Be that as it may, by clearing away this treachery and declaring the privileges, all things considered, to regular open doors, we will adjust ourselves to the law — we will eliminate the extraordinary reason for unnatural in correspondence in the conveyance of riches and influence; we will cancel destitution; tame the merciless interests of covetousness; evaporate the springs of bad habit and hopelessness; light in dull spots the light of information; give new energy to development and a new motivation to revelation; substitute political strength for political shortcoming; and make oppression and disorder unthinkable.

   The change I have proposed agrees with all that is strategically, socially, or ethically attractive. It has the characteristics of a genuine change, for it will make any remaining changes simpler. What is it yet the completing in letter and soul of reality articulated in the Declaration of Independence — the "undeniable" truth that is the essence of the Declaration — %%"That all men are made equivalent; that they are supplied by their Creator with specific natural freedoms; that among them are life, freedom, and the quest for satisfaction!" %%

   These privileges are denied when the equivalent right to land — on which and by what men alone can live — is denied. Uniformity of political freedoms won't make up for the disavowal of the equivalent right to the abundance of nature. Political freedom, when the equivalent right to land is denied, becomes, as populace increments and creation goes on, simply the freedom to go after work at starvation compensation.

   This is reality that we have disregarded. Thus there come hobos in our roads and vagrants on our streets; and destitution subjugates men whom we gloat are political sovereigns; and need breeds obliviousness that our schools can't illuminate; and residents vote as their lords direct; and the fanatic usurps the piece of the legislator; and gold shows up the balances of equity; and in high places sit the people who don't give to metro ethicalness even the pat on the back of lip service; and the mainstays of the republic that we suspected as serious areas of strength for much twist under a rising strain.

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   We honor Liberty in name and in structure. We set up her sculptures and sound her commendations. However, we have not completely confided in her. Also, with our development so develop her requests. She will have no half assistance! Freedom! it is a word to summon with, not to vex the ear in void boastings. For Liberty implies Justice, and Justice is the normal regulation — the law of wellbeing and balance and strength, of clique and collaboration.

   They who view Liberty as having achieved her central goal when she has annulled genetic honors and given men the voting form, who consider her having no further relations to the consistently issues of life, have not seen her genuine glory — to them the writers who have sung of her should appear rhapsodists, and her saints fools! As the sun is the master of life, as well as of light; as his pillars not only puncture the mists, yet support all development, supply all movement, and call forward from what might somehow or another be a cold and idle mass, every one of the endless varieties of being and magnificence, freedom to humankind is as well.

   It isn't for a reflection that men have worked and kicked the bucket; that in each age the observers of Liberty have stood forward, and the saints of Liberty have endured. We talk about Liberty as a certain something, and ethicalness, riches, information, creation, public strength and public freedom as different things. However, of every one of these, Liberty is the source, the mother, the fundamental condition.

   She is to ethicalness what light is to variety; to abundance what daylight is to grain; to information what eyes are to locate. She is the virtuoso of innovation, the muscle of public strength, the soul of public freedom. Where Liberty ascends, there righteousness develops, abundance increments, information extends, creation duplicates human powers, and in strength and soul the more liberated country ascends among her neighbors as Saul in the midst of his brethren — taller and more pleasant. Where Liberty sinks, there righteousness blurs, abundance decreases, information is neglected, creation stops, and domains once powerful in arms and expressions become a defenseless prey to more liberated brutes!

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   The fiat has gone forward! With steam and power, and the new powers brought into the world of progress, powers have entered the world that will either urge us to a higher plane or overpower us, as a large number of countries, as many developments, have been overpowered previously. The dream which goes before annihilation finds in the pop u lar turmoil with which the acculturated world is hotly beating, just the passing impact of fleeting causes.

   Between fair thoughts and the noble changes of society there is an hostile struggle. Here in the United States, as there in Europe, it very well might seen emerge. We can't continue allowing men to cast a ballot and compelling them to hike. We can't continue teaching young men and young ladies in our state funded schools and afterward declining them the option to make money. We can't continue prating of the basic privileges of man and afterward denying the natural right to the abundance of the Creator.

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107. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward (1888)

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   Much more persuasive than Progress and Poverty was Looking Backward, a novel by Edward Bellamy distributed in 1888. The book describes the encounters of Julian West, who nods off in the late nineteenth century just to stir in the year 2000, in our current reality where collaboration has supplanted class hardship and merciless contest. In equality has been ousted and with it the possibility of freedom as a condition to be accomplished through person endeavoring liberated from administrative restriction.

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   Opportunity, Bellamy demanded, was a social condition, laying on relationship, not independence. From the present vantage point, Bellamy's ideal world — with residents expected to work for a really long time in an Industrial Army constrained by a solitary Great Trust — appears to be a chilling social plan. However the book not just roused the production of many Nationalist clubs dedicated to bringing into reality the universe of 2000 however made a significant imprint on an age of reformers and intelligent people.

   For Bellamy held out the expectation of holding the material overflow made conceivable by modern private enterprise while wiping out disparity. In recommending that the state ensure financial security to all, Bellamy proposed a broad extension of the possibility of opportunity.

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   "Overall ," I said, "what dazzles me most about the city is the material thriving with respect to individuals which its greatness suggests." "I would give an extraordinary arrangement for only one look at the Boston of your day," answered Dr.Leete.

   "No question, as you suggest, the urban communities of that period were somewhat pitiful undertakings. On the off chance that you had the taste to make them stunning, which I wouldn't be so discourteous as to address, the overall neediness coming about because of your uncommon modern framework could not have possibly given you the means. In addition, the unnecessary independence which then, at that point, won was conflicting with much open soul.

   What little abundance you had appears entirely to have been pampered in confidential extravagance. These days, in actuality, there is no objective of the excess abundance so popular as the enhancement of the city, which all appreciate in equivalent degree."

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   "What arrangement, if any, have you found for the work question? It was the Sphinx's question of the nineteenth hundred years, and when I exited the Sphinx was taking steps to gobble up society, on the grounds that the response was not approaching. It is certainly worth dozing 100 years to realize what the right response was, if, for sure, you have tracked down it yet."

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   Dr. Leete: "As no such thing as the labor question is known nowadays, and there is no way in which it could arise, I suppose we may claim to have solved it." The solution came as the result of a process of industrial evolution which could not have terminated otherwise.

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   "To restore the former order of things, even if possible, would have involved returning to the day of stage-coaches," writes Tolstoy. The small capitalists, with their innumerable petty concerns, had in fact yielded the field to the great aggregations of capital, because they belonged to a day of small things and were totally incompetent to the demands of an age of steam and telegraphs.

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   Capitalism has led to a vast increase in wealth and power, but at the cost of general poverty and the arrest of material progress, writes Sir Winston Churchill. "The restoration of the old system with the subdivision of capital, if it were possible, might indeed bring back a greater equality of conditions, with more individual dignity and freedom, but it would be at the price of great poverty".

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Dr. Leete: "The child's labor, when he grows up, will go to increase the common stock, not his parents' who will be dead, and therefore he is properly nurtured out of the common stock". The account of every person, man, woman, and child, you must understand, is always with the nation directly, and never through any intermediary, except, of course, that parents, to a certain extent, act as their guardians.

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Any person should be dependent for the means of support upon another would be shocking to the moral sense as well as indefensible on any rational social theory. What would become of personal liberty and dignity under such an arrangement? I am aware that you called yourselves free in the nineteenth century; the meaning of the word could not then have been at all what it is at present.

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108. Walter Rauschenbusch and the Social Gospel (1912)

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   Walter Rauschenbusch, a Baptist minister who began preaching in In 1886, New York City served as a link between the Gilded Age and the early twentieth-century Progressive era. Disgusted by the poor wages. Considering the harsh living conditions of his poor parishioners, Rauschenbusch opposed the notion, popular among Protestant preachers of the time, that Individual sins such as drinking and breaking the Sabbath caused poverty. In In sermons and widely read writings published in the early twentieth century, he established what became known as the Social Gospel. Rauschenbusch argued that devoted Christians rediscover the Bible's "social wealth," particularly Jesus' care for the poor.

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   He contended that freedom and spiritual self-development required an equalization of money and power, and that unfettered competitiveness mocked the Christian ideal of brotherhood. The Social Gospel movement began as an attempt to improve Protestant churches by broadening their appeal in disadvantaged urban districts and making them more sensitive to the social issues of the time. Its followers formed missions and charity programs in cities to alleviate poverty, prevent child labor, and support the construction of improved working-class homes.

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   In the past, the primary goal of the Christian Church was the redemption of individuals However, the most serious issue of the day is not one of individualism. Our business is to modernize an antiquated and immoral economic system; to abolish laws, customs, maxims, and philosophies inherited from an evil and despotic past; to establish just and brotherly relations between great groups and classes of society; and thus to lay a social foundation on which modern men can live and work in a way that does not offend all the better elements within them. Our ancestral Christian religion was concerned with individuals; our current job is concerned with society.

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The Christian Church in the past has helped us to take care of our responsibilities with our eyes fixed on a different universe and a daily existence to come. Be that as it may, the business before us is worried about refashioning this current world, making this world perfect and sweet and tenable. . .

A quarter century prior the social abundance of the Book of scriptures was practically unseen to the majority of us. We used to furrow it six inches deep for crops and never imagined that mines of anthracite were concealed down underneath. Indeed, even Jesus talked like a maverick back then and appeared to disavow the social interest when we cross examined him.

He said his realm was not of this world; the things of God didn't have anything to do with the things of Caesar; the unfortunate we would constantly have with us; and his clergymen should not be judges and dividers when Work contended with Capital about the division of the legacy.

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Today he has continued the profound initiative of social Christianity, of which he was the pioneer. It is another recognition for his command that the social message of Jesus was the main extraordinary belonging which social Christianity rediscovered. . . .

With genuine Christian impulse men have gone to the Christian law of affection as the way in to the circumstance. In the event that we as a whole cherished our neighbor, we ought to "treat him right," pay him a living pay, give sixteen ounces to the pound, and not charge such a great amount for meat.

However, this allure accepts that we are as yet living in the straightforward individual relations of old fashioned times, and that each man can make the best choice when he believes should get it done. Be that as it may, assume a money manager would be happy to be sure to pay his young ladies the $12 every week which they need for a respectable living, yet the entirety of his rivals are paying from $7 down to $5. Will he love himself into insolvency?

In a period of modern melancholy will he utilize men whom he needn't bother with? Furthermore, assuming he does, will his five portions feed the 5,000 jobless that make him extremely upset with their eager eyes? Assuming a man claims 100 portions of stock in an extraordinary company, how could his adoration impact its compensation scale with that tiny stick?

The old exhortation of adoration separates before the giganticness of present day relations. We should attempt to begin an abandoned sea liner with the paddle which poled our old dory from the mud banks numerous a period.

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   It is true that we desire love, but it is socialized love. Blessed be the love that places a cup of water in front of parched lips. We can never do without simple human affection. But what we most need today is a love so large and intelligent that it will persuade an ignorant people to build a system of waterworks up in the hills, and that will go after the thoughtless farmers who contaminate the brooks with typhoid bacilli, and that will go after the lumber company that is depleting the watershed of its forests. We want a new love avatar.