Untitled Flashcard Set

• Macromolecule – A large molecule made of many smaller units.

• Monomer – A small building block molecule.

• Polymer – A chain of many monomers linked together.

• Dehydration synthesis – Reaction that joins monomers by removing water.

• Hydrolysis – Reaction that breaks polymers into monomers by adding water.

• Monosaccharide – Single sugar molecule.

• Disaccharide – Two sugars bonded together.

• Polysaccharide – Long chain of sugars.

• Structural isomer – Molecules with the same formula but different arrangements.

• Glucose – Common six-carbon sugar used for energy.

• Galactose – Six-carbon sugar, part of lactose.

• Fructose – Six-carbon sugar found in fruit.

• Starch – Plant storage polysaccharide.

• Glycogen – Animal storage polysaccharide.

• Cellulose – Plant structural polysaccharide in cell walls.

• Fatty acid – Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group.

• Saturated fat – Fatty acid with no double bonds (solid).

• Unsaturated fat – Fatty acid with double bonds (liquid).

• Triglyceride – Fat made of glycerol + three fatty acids.

• Phospholipid – Lipid with glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

• Hydrophobic – “Water-fearing,” repels water.

• Hydrophilic – “Water-loving,” interacts with water.

• Amino acid – Building block of proteins.

• Polypeptide – Chain of amino acids.

• Primary structure – Sequence of amino acids.

• Secondary structure – Local folding (α-helix or β-sheet).

• Tertiary structure – Overall 3D shape of a protein.

• Quaternary structure – Protein made of multiple polypeptide chains.

• R group – Variable side chain of an amino acid.

• Enzyme – Protein that speeds up chemical reactions.

• Nucleotide – Monomer of nucleic acids (sugar, phosphate, base).

• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) – Molecule storing genetic information.

• RNA (Ribonucleic acid) – Molecule that helps make proteins.

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