AP Psychology Quiz 1 study guide
Hindsight bias:( “I-Knew-It-All-Along” phenomenon ) after an event has occurred, we believe we predicted it beforehand. This bias makes outcomes seem obvious and inevitable in retrospect, even if we had no way of knowing what would happen
Confirmation bias: (Seeing only what we want to see) the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs or opinions. Instead of objectively evaluating all evidence we give more weight to information that supports what we already think and discount evidence that contradicts our views
Overconfidence bias: (Too much faith on our judgement) occurs when we overestimate that accuracy of our knowledge and judgements. Abilities and decisions are deemed to better than they actually are
The Major Perspectives of Psychology
Define in as few words as possible | In class example | Example 2( always assuming others have ulterior motives) | |
Cognitive Perspective | A perspective that looks on how a person processes information, memory Focused on thinking and thoughts( not clearly observable) | A therapist helping a patient identify and change negative thought patterns. | A person always assumes a person has ulterior motives because that is how they think so they assume that’s how others think. |
Behavioral Perspective | Perspective that focuses on rationalizing on how and why an individual may react to situations based on “rewards” or consequences Looks for rewards and punishments( observable action) | A teacher using a reward system to encourage students to complete their work | The person was happy with the outcome when someone did have an ulterior motive so they keep that assumption for a reward |
Evolutionary Perspective | Behaviors that increase survival that passes on through generations Keeps individuals alive or helps them find a mate | Interpretation that the fear of snakes is ingrained into human behavior because it helps people to avoid being bitten by a venomous snake | People who have this behavior are not tricked so easily People in the past who doubted the motives of others survived better |
Biological/ Neuroscience Perspective | What physical structures in biology of an individual cause behaviors or mental processes? The brain or neurotransmitter | A researcher studying the effects of a new drug on brain activity | The person has an overabundance of the neurotransmitter for mistrust so they heavily doubt people |
Socio-Cultural | How environment influences human behavior All about environment and where an individual grew up | A researcher comparing the parenting styles of different cultures | The person comes from a deceptive culture that employs ulterior motives in their action |
*Humanistic Perspective | Self- perspective Born perfect but… life scews individuals from being perfect Positive psychology | A therapist helping a patient develop a stronger sense of self-worth( positive psychology) | The person had an experience that had this behavior and therefore believe they apply to everyone. They have low-self esteem so they search for bad traits in others |
*Psychoanalytical Perspective | Individuals are motivated by an unconscious drive or moments that are “repressed” Unconscious motivations or “its all mom’s fault” | A therapist helping a patient understand their childhood trauma and how it affects their current relationships | Repressing the fact that their mother was untrusting
Your ego is so high that you believe everyone is out to get me |
Cell Phone Addiction Y attends class regularly but cannot be without constantly checking their phone or falling down a rabbit hole of reels during class. | biological | The dopamine triggered when Y scrolls on their phone causes them to want to continue to look at their phone |
Vaping Q knows vaping is bad but picked up the habit and not cannot seem to stop | socio-culture | Q may be a young person who has friends and lives in a culture where vaping is a big chararisctic and wants to be accepted into the culture( FOMO) |
Test Anxiety K feels so nervous when they have to take a test that their mind seems to go blank even when they seem prepared | ||
Skipping Class D skips class when their friends skip even when it leaves them feeling overwhelmed | ||
Empathy M takes a lot of time to consider others points of view and to be kind in considering what others might be going through or why they behaved the way they did |
operational definition: (making it measurable ) An operational definition specifies how a concept is measured or manipulated in a study. it is important to have an operational definition because it allows for precise measurement and replication. An operational definition allows for scientists to have a common reference when replicating a study. If not the study could be interpreted incorrectly and the data could come out wrong.
Hindsight bias:( “I-Knew-It-All-Along” phenomenon ) after an event has occurred, we believe we predicted it beforehand. This bias makes outcomes seem obvious and inevitable in retrospect, even if we had no way of knowing what would happen
Confirmation bias: (Seeing only what we want to see) the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs or opinions. Instead of objectively evaluating all evidence we give more weight to information that supports what we already think and discount evidence that contradicts our views
Overconfidence bias: (Too much faith on our judgement) occurs when we overestimate that accuracy of our knowledge and judgements. Abilities and decisions are deemed to better than they actually are
The Major Perspectives of Psychology
Define in as few words as possible | In class example | Example 2( always assuming others have ulterior motives) | |
Cognitive Perspective | A perspective that looks on how a person processes information, memory Focused on thinking and thoughts( not clearly observable) | A therapist helping a patient identify and change negative thought patterns. | A person always assumes a person has ulterior motives because that is how they think so they assume that’s how others think. |
Behavioral Perspective | Perspective that focuses on rationalizing on how and why an individual may react to situations based on “rewards” or consequences Looks for rewards and punishments( observable action) | A teacher using a reward system to encourage students to complete their work | The person was happy with the outcome when someone did have an ulterior motive so they keep that assumption for a reward |
Evolutionary Perspective | Behaviors that increase survival that passes on through generations Keeps individuals alive or helps them find a mate | Interpretation that the fear of snakes is ingrained into human behavior because it helps people to avoid being bitten by a venomous snake | People who have this behavior are not tricked so easily People in the past who doubted the motives of others survived better |
Biological/ Neuroscience Perspective | What physical structures in biology of an individual cause behaviors or mental processes? The brain or neurotransmitter | A researcher studying the effects of a new drug on brain activity | The person has an overabundance of the neurotransmitter for mistrust so they heavily doubt people |
Socio-Cultural | How environment influences human behavior All about environment and where an individual grew up | A researcher comparing the parenting styles of different cultures | The person comes from a deceptive culture that employs ulterior motives in their action |
*Humanistic Perspective | Self- perspective Born perfect but… life scews individuals from being perfect Positive psychology | A therapist helping a patient develop a stronger sense of self-worth( positive psychology) | The person had an experience that had this behavior and therefore believe they apply to everyone. They have low-self esteem so they search for bad traits in others |
*Psychoanalytical Perspective | Individuals are motivated by an unconscious drive or moments that are “repressed” Unconscious motivations or “its all mom’s fault” | A therapist helping a patient understand their childhood trauma and how it affects their current relationships | Repressing the fact that their mother was untrusting
Your ego is so high that you believe everyone is out to get me |
Cell Phone Addiction Y attends class regularly but cannot be without constantly checking their phone or falling down a rabbit hole of reels during class. | biological | The dopamine triggered when Y scrolls on their phone causes them to want to continue to look at their phone |
Vaping Q knows vaping is bad but picked up the habit and not cannot seem to stop | socio-culture | Q may be a young person who has friends and lives in a culture where vaping is a big chararisctic and wants to be accepted into the culture( FOMO) |
Test Anxiety K feels so nervous when they have to take a test that their mind seems to go blank even when they seem prepared | ||
Skipping Class D skips class when their friends skip even when it leaves them feeling overwhelmed | ||
Empathy M takes a lot of time to consider others points of view and to be kind in considering what others might be going through or why they behaved the way they did |
operational definition: (making it measurable ) An operational definition specifies how a concept is measured or manipulated in a study. it is important to have an operational definition because it allows for precise measurement and replication. An operational definition allows for scientists to have a common reference when replicating a study. If not the study could be interpreted incorrectly and the data could come out wrong.
