PH90 Chapter 1-4 Review Guide

Health in General

  • Study processes of health and health-related topics include:

    • Identify the problem

    • Explore the components

    • Identify risk and modifiable factors

    • Address individual factors

    • Improve overall health

  • Four common health conditions that can impede academic performance:

    • Chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, asthma)

    • Mental health issues (e.g., anxiety, depression)

    • Nutrition-related conditions (e.g., obesity)

    • Substance use disorders (e.g., alcohol, drugs)

  • Health has both immediate and long-term effects on individuals.

  • Popular models to frame health include:

    • The medical model

    • The holistic model

  • Well-being is a spectrum that can be defined in various ways.

  • Life Expectancy:

    • Definition: The average period that a person may expect to live.

    • Types of life expectancy include:

      • Overall life expectancy

      • Healthy life expectancy (years lived without serious illness)

    • Historical trends indicate an overall increase in life expectancy due to advancements in medicine and public health.

    • Implications include challenges to healthcare systems and changes in population dynamics.

  • Importance of balance between health components:

    • Physical, mental, social, and spiritual aspects must be integrated.

Factors Associated with Individual Health

  • Individual Behavior: Actions can support or detract from health (e.g., diet, exercise, smoking).

  • Biology and Genetics: Influences predisposition to certain health issues.

  • Social Factors: Support systems and community context play a role.

  • Economic Factors: Socioeconomic status can impact access to resources and healthcare.

  • Built Environment: Exposure to pollutants and infectious agents can affect health.

  • Access to Quality Health Services: Availability and affordability are key.

  • Policymaking: Health policies affect health outcomes.

  • Health Disparities: Inequities in health status or access based on race, gender, economic status, etc.

Changes in Healthy Behaviors

  • How might your healthy behaviors change? Examples for each model:

    • Health Belief Model: Changes in perceived benefits and barriers to actions like exercising.

    • Social Cognitive Model: Observing peers influencing one’s diet or exercise habits.

    • Transtheoretical Model: Movement through stages of readiness for lifestyle changes.

Health Disparities

  • Facts about health disparities:

    • Certain races and genders are more prone to health inequalities.

    • Disparities affect access to healthcare, preventive services, and health outcomes.

  • Health Disparity Definition: Differences in health status among distinct population groups.

  • Focus on modifiable and preventable aspects of disparities to address issues.

  • Significance in the US:

    • Contributes to the overall burden of disease.

    • Disparities can lead to worsening conditions over time.

  • Determinants include:

    • Health-related knowledge

    • Access to services (physical availability and trust)

    • Patient-doctor relationships

    • Affordability of healthcare services

Psychological Health

  • Psychological Health Definition: The emotional and mental well-being of an individual.

  • Prerequisites for Good Psychological Health: According to Maslow’s Pyramid of Needs, one must satisfy basic needs to achieve cognitive and emotional health.

  • Components of Mental Health:

    • Cognitive Health: Thinking and learning processes.

    • Emotional Health: Ability to manage feelings.

    • Social Health: Quality of relationships.

    • Spiritual Health: Connection to values and meaning.

  • Social Health Factors:

    • Social status, roles, norms, bonds, support, and their impact on self-esteem and self-efficacy.

  • Correlation between psychological and physiological health is significant.

Mental Health in College Students

  • Common disorders include:

    • Mood disorders (e.g., Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD))

    • Bipolar Disorder: Characterized by extreme mood swings.

    • Seasonal Affective Disorder: Occurs seasonally due to environmental factors.

    • Anxiety Disorders: Includes conditions like OCD and PTSD.

    • Personality Disorders examples include paranoid, narcissistic, and antisocial.

Mood Disorders

  • Causes can be explained through:

    • Biological, environmental, and social factors.

    • Warning signs of suicide observed in individuals.

  • Suicide Prevention: Strategies to address mental health stigma and encourage seeking help.

Stress and Related Health Topics

  • Stress Definitions: Stress, stressors, eustress (positive stress), and distress (negative stress).

  • Types of Stress:

    • Acute, episodic acute, chronic, and traumatic stress.

  • Sympathoadrenal Response:

    • Involves two systems: SNS (Sympathetic Nervous System) and PNS (Parasympathetic Nervous System).

    • Adrenal Gland functions (e.g., secreting adrenal hormones).

  • Hormones involved:

    • Adrenaline/Epinephrine, Cortisol/Hydrocortisone.

  • General Adaptation Syndrome: The body’s response to stress.

  • Potential links between elevated endocrine levels (like Amyloid Beta Protein) and Alzheimer’s disease.

Spirituality

  • Four spiritual needs:

    • Meaning and purpose

    • Hope and love

    • Creativity

    • Forgiveness

  • Definition of Spirituality and Religion: Distinguishing between personal spirituality and organized religion.

  • Differences between atheists and agnostics explored.

Sleep

  • Sleep Definition: A state that involves physical and mental relaxation, characterized by altered consciousness.

  • Two-process regulatory system of sleep includes:

    • Homeostatic sleep drive: Build-up of pressure to sleep.

    • Circadian rhythm: Internal clock influencing sleep cycles.

  • Sleep Architecture: Includes stages of light sleep and deep sleep.

  • Circadian Rhythm Regulation: Influenced by light and other stimuli.

  • Sleep Disorders:

    • Apnea (including Obstructive Sleep Apnea), health consequences from untreated conditions.

    • Insomnia and methods for effective assessment.

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