Ecological revolution
Lots of land in Mexico (1600) was not explored by Europeans
Spanish Santa Fe 1610, French Québec 1608, English Jamestown, Virginia 1607

2-1: France Finds Foothold in Canada

France finds foothold in Canada
France was late to colonize in the New World
Monarchs were occupied with foreign wars and domestic strife during the 1500s
Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots clashes
On St. Bartholomew's Day (1572) 10,000 + Hugeonots (men, women, and children) were butchered in Paris and in other parts of France
Jaques Cartier was searching for a route to Asia
Ended up in the St. Lawrence River/along the shore of eastern Canada → failed to create a settlement there
Claimed Canada for France

Edict of Nantes: limited toleration to French Protestants
Religious wars ended
New century of France turned into a string one and was the most feared nation in Europe

King Louis XIV:
King at 5
Reigned for 72 years (1643-1715)
Samuel de Champlain:
Intrepid soldier and explorer
“Father of New France” (Québec)
Was a spy in New Spain
Negotiated alliances with many Indian tribes in St. lawrence Valley
France helped the Hurons in battle
Friendship broken with the Iroquois tribes of NY area → became a long lasting enemy
Hampered French penetration of the Ohio Valley → ravaged settlements and sided with the British
Government of New France = Canada
Eventually under control of the king
Protestant + Huegonots denied refugee there
Catholic population up

2-2: New France Fans Out
New France has valuable resource - beaver
European fashionistas loved beaver-pelt hats
French fur trappers

Coureurs de bois (“runners of the woods”): fur trappers, ran a risk, drank, free spenders, free livers

French Voyageurs: recruited Indians for fur trapping

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Indian fur trappers exposed to Old World diseases and alcohol
Indian fur flotilla arrived in Montreal in 1693 - 400 canoes
Exposed to Old World diseases
French Catholic missionaries lead by the Jesuits labored missionaries
Tortured IndiansJesuits played an important role as explorers and geography of New France
Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit
Detroit = “the City of Straights” in 1701
Robert de La Salle named “Lousianna” in honor of Louis XIV
French officials persisted their efforts to block Spain from the Gulf of Mexico
Fortified posts (now Missisppi and Louisanna), and New Orleans (most important one)
French empire in New World was small
French relied on Native Americans for trade and military assistance

2-3: The Spanish in North America

Spanish had almost total dominance over the New World
Crown grew wealthy from solver, pearls, and natural resources of Mexico, Peru, and other colonies
1565 founded St. Augustine on the eastern coast of Florida (first permanent European settlement in North America)
Fortified Florida
Pushed toward the Rio Grande
Negotiated with Pueblos → established colony of New Mexico
Florida and New Mexico were centers of missionary
2-4: England’s Imperial Stirrings
Spain's ally in first half of ventura
King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s launching the Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation: Catholics battled Protestants for decades and the power balanced seesawed. After Elizabeth ascended to the throne in 1558 Proestasim became dominant in England

Catholic Irish asked for help from Catholic Spain to get the English off their backs
Spanish aid never lead to much
English crushed the Irish 1570s and 1580s

2-5: Elizabeth Energizes England
English wanted to spread Protestantism and plunder the Spanish and raided the spanish ships and settlements
England and Spanish are technically at peace
Sir Francis Drake:
Looted → returned with Spanish treasure in 1580
Profited 4,600% to his finical bakers (one secretly being the Queen)
Elizabeth knighted Drake
Coast of New Foundlnd = 1st English attempt at colonization
Failed when promoter Sir Humphery Gilbert lost his life at swa in 1583
His half brother Sir Walter Raliegh to try again in warmer times
Organized expedition that landed in 1585 in North Carolinia’s Roanoke Island

Roanoke Island: off the coast of Virginia, mysteriously vanished

Virginia was named in honor of the virgin Queen Elizabeth
Phipp II of Spain used money to send out an “invincible Armada” of ships to invade England
1588
English won
New national spirit in England

Spanish Armada: turning point for Spanish Empire
Spain collapsed 3 decades later
Spanish Netherlands (Holland) secured independence a few decades later
Spanish Caribbean would eventually not be Spains

Golden Age of literature
New found self confidence, sense of adventure, faith in the future, faith in England, and patriotism
England and Spain signed a peace treaty in 1604

2-6: England on the Eve of Empire
Social + economical changes
Population up
3 million in 1550
4 million in 1600
Landlords were enclosing croplands for sheep grazing → could force farmers off their land
Woolen districts of eastern/western England = Puritan
Supplied many of the early immigrants to America
Economic depression hit woolen trade in the 1500s
Farmers took to the roads → unemployed beggars and paupers in the cities like Bristol and London

Primogeniture: only eldest sons were able to inherit land estates
These kinds of laws decreased
Landlord sons had to find money in other places

Joint-stock Company: by the end of the early 1600s came to be, before modern cooperation
Investors = adventures
Could pool their capital limit with personal risk

2-7: England Plants the Jamestown Seedling
1606 Enfland interested in Virginia

Virginia Company: joint-stock company, London based, got charter from King James I for a settlement in the New World

Charter: significant document
Example: charter of Virginia Company
Important American document
Overseas settlers has the same right as the English

Virginia company set sail in 1606
Three ships → landed in the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay → Indians attacked them
Colonist decided to settle on the banks of James River (named in honor of King James I)
Easy to defend
Mosquito infested
Unhealthful
May 24, 1607 approved 100 English settlers disassembled and called the place Jamestown

Jamestown: early years = nightmare
40 colonist perished on voyage (1606-1607)
Another expedition lost its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck near Bermuda (1609)
In Virginia settlers died of disease, malnutrition, and starvation

Captain John Smith saved them from collapsing
Took over in 1608
Made a rule = “He who shall noy work shall not eat”
Kidnapped in 1607 and had to face a mock execution by Indian chieftain Powhatan
His daughter Pocahontas “saved” him
400 people made it to Virginia → 60 survived the “starving time” winter 1609-1610
Remaining colonists went home in spring 1610
New governor Lord De La Warr made them go back and took military action against the Indians

2-8: Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake
English landed in 1607
Chieftain Powhatan dominated natives living in Samos River area
Had supremacy over 100 villages and 24,000 people
Called it Powhatan's Confederacy
English called all the natives Powatans in Jamestown
Virginia Company wanted war against the Indians in Jamestown
De La Warr introduced Irish tactics
Troops invaded villages, burned houses, stole provisions, and torched cornfields

First Anglo-Powhatan War: 1614, sealed by the marrige pf Pocahontas and colonist John Rolfe
Indians were angry because white people were land hungry and brought diseases
Struck back in 1622
347 settlers dead
Virginia Company declared a new war without a truce

Second Anglo-Powhatan War: 1644, Indians were defeated
Banded Cheaspeake Indians from their land

1669 census: around 2,000 Indians lived in Virginia
1685 English considered Powhatan people to be extinct

2-9: Old Netherlands at New Netherland
People of the Netherlands were oppressed
Late 16 century they rebelled against Catholic Spain
The people won independence with aid from Protestant England
17 century = Golden Age in Dutch history
Became a bug commercial + naval power
Challenged England
3 great Anglo-Dutch wars fought in the 17 century
100 ships per side
Dutch became a colonial power in the East Indies
Dutch East India Company:
Supported an army of 10,000 men and 190 ships at one point
Employed English explorer Henry Hudson
Hudson went to Delaware and New York bays in 1908 and ascended the Hudson River
Dutch West India Company:
Less powerful that Dutch East India Company
1628 captured fleet of Spanish treasure ships with lots of $15 million
Had outposts in Africa
Had thriving sugar industry in Brazil

New Netherland: Hudson River area , 1623-1624, established by Dutch West India for fur trade
Purchased Manhattan from natives for shirts, powder, muskets, askes, knifes, and other items

New Amsterdam (NYC) was a company town
No enthusiasm for religious toleration, free speech, or democratic practices
Quakers were abused

2-10: Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors
Shareholders wanted dividends and didn't care about the colonists well being
Indians retaliated with massacres
Swedes trespassed on Dutch perseus from 1638-1655
New Sweden on Delaware River

2-11: Dutch Residues in New York
New England immigrants were ½ the population
English thought of Dutch as intruders
Charles II gave the area to his brother Duke of York
Peter Stugvesant was forced to surrender
New Amsterdam renamed to NewYork in honor of the Duke of York
Last to join the colonies (Netherlands) and first to exit
Made their mark still by naming Harlem (Haarlem), Brooklyn (Breuckelen), and Hell Gate (Hellegat)
Gambrel-roofed architecture left an imprint
Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf (kolf) also made its mark

2-12: The Indians’ New World
New changes - horses (catalyzed in 18 century), Lakotas (forest dwellers) moved to the open plains (became hunters), firearms
Forced migration, diseases, and warfare
Expanded Atlantic economy
Further inland natives had the advantage of time, space, and numbers

Note