Ecological revolution Lots of land in Mexico (1600) was not explored by Europeans Spanish Santa Fe 1610, French Québec 1608, English Jamestown, Virginia 1607

2-1: France Finds Foothold in Canada

France finds foothold in Canada France was late to colonize in the New World Monarchs were occupied with foreign wars and domestic strife during the 1500s Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots clashes On St. Bartholomew's Day (1572) 10,000 + Hugeonots (men, women, and children) were butchered in Paris and in other parts of France Jaques Cartier was searching for a route to Asia Ended up in the St. Lawrence River/along the shore of eastern Canada → failed to create a settlement there Claimed Canada for France

Edict of Nantes: limited toleration to French Protestants Religious wars ended New century of France turned into a string one and was the most feared nation in Europe

King Louis XIV: King at 5 Reigned for 72 years (1643-1715) Samuel de Champlain: Intrepid soldier and explorer “Father of New France” (Québec) Was a spy in New Spain Negotiated alliances with many Indian tribes in St. lawrence Valley France helped the Hurons in battle Friendship broken with the Iroquois tribes of NY area → became a long lasting enemy Hampered French penetration of the Ohio Valley → ravaged settlements and sided with the British Government of New France = Canada Eventually under control of the king Protestant + Huegonots denied refugee there Catholic population up

2-2: New France Fans Out New France has valuable resource - beaver European fashionistas loved beaver-pelt hats French fur trappers

Coureurs de bois (“runners of the woods”): fur trappers, ran a risk, drank, free spenders, free livers

French Voyageurs: recruited Indians for fur trapping

Indian fur trappers exposed to Old World diseases and alcohol Indian fur flotilla arrived in Montreal in 1693 - 400 canoes Exposed to Old World diseases French Catholic missionaries lead by the Jesuits labored missionaries Tortured IndiansJesuits played an important role as explorers and geography of New France Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit Detroit = “the City of Straights” in 1701 Robert de La Salle named “Lousianna” in honor of Louis XIV French officials persisted their efforts to block Spain from the Gulf of Mexico Fortified posts (now Missisppi and Louisanna), and New Orleans (most important one) French empire in New World was small French relied on Native Americans for trade and military assistance

2-3: The Spanish in North America

Spanish had almost total dominance over the New World Crown grew wealthy from solver, pearls, and natural resources of Mexico, Peru, and other colonies 1565 founded St. Augustine on the eastern coast of Florida (first permanent European settlement in North America) Fortified Florida Pushed toward the Rio Grande Negotiated with Pueblos → established colony of New Mexico Florida and New Mexico were centers of missionary 2-4: England’s Imperial Stirrings Spain's ally in first half of ventura King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s launching the Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation: Catholics battled Protestants for decades and the power balanced seesawed. After Elizabeth ascended to the throne in 1558 Proestasim became dominant in England

Catholic Irish asked for help from Catholic Spain to get the English off their backs Spanish aid never lead to much English crushed the Irish 1570s and 1580s

2-5: Elizabeth Energizes England English wanted to spread Protestantism and plunder the Spanish and raided the spanish ships and settlements England and Spanish are technically at peace Sir Francis Drake: Looted → returned with Spanish treasure in 1580 Profited 4,600% to his finical bakers (one secretly being the Queen) Elizabeth knighted Drake Coast of New Foundlnd = 1st English attempt at colonization Failed when promoter Sir Humphery Gilbert lost his life at swa in 1583 His half brother Sir Walter Raliegh to try again in warmer times Organized expedition that landed in 1585 in North Carolinia’s Roanoke Island

Roanoke Island: off the coast of Virginia, mysteriously vanished

Virginia was named in honor of the virgin Queen Elizabeth Phipp II of Spain used money to send out an “invincible Armada” of ships to invade England 1588 English won New national spirit in England

Spanish Armada: turning point for Spanish Empire Spain collapsed 3 decades later Spanish Netherlands (Holland) secured independence a few decades later Spanish Caribbean would eventually not be Spains

Golden Age of literature New found self confidence, sense of adventure, faith in the future, faith in England, and patriotism England and Spain signed a peace treaty in 1604

2-6: England on the Eve of Empire Social + economical changes Population up 3 million in 1550 4 million in 1600 Landlords were enclosing croplands for sheep grazing → could force farmers off their land Woolen districts of eastern/western England = Puritan Supplied many of the early immigrants to America Economic depression hit woolen trade in the 1500s Farmers took to the roads → unemployed beggars and paupers in the cities like Bristol and London

Primogeniture: only eldest sons were able to inherit land estates These kinds of laws decreased Landlord sons had to find money in other places

Joint-stock Company: by the end of the early 1600s came to be, before modern cooperation Investors = adventures Could pool their capital limit with personal risk

2-7: England Plants the Jamestown Seedling 1606 Enfland interested in Virginia

Virginia Company: joint-stock company, London based, got charter from King James I for a settlement in the New World

Charter: significant document Example: charter of Virginia Company Important American document Overseas settlers has the same right as the English

Virginia company set sail in 1606 Three ships → landed in the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay → Indians attacked them Colonist decided to settle on the banks of James River (named in honor of King James I) Easy to defend Mosquito infested Unhealthful May 24, 1607 approved 100 English settlers disassembled and called the place Jamestown

Jamestown: early years = nightmare 40 colonist perished on voyage (1606-1607) Another expedition lost its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck near Bermuda (1609) In Virginia settlers died of disease, malnutrition, and starvation

Captain John Smith saved them from collapsing Took over in 1608 Made a rule = “He who shall noy work shall not eat” Kidnapped in 1607 and had to face a mock execution by Indian chieftain Powhatan His daughter Pocahontas “saved” him 400 people made it to Virginia → 60 survived the “starving time” winter 1609-1610 Remaining colonists went home in spring 1610 New governor Lord De La Warr made them go back and took military action against the Indians

2-8: Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake English landed in 1607 Chieftain Powhatan dominated natives living in Samos River area Had supremacy over 100 villages and 24,000 people Called it Powhatan's Confederacy English called all the natives Powatans in Jamestown Virginia Company wanted war against the Indians in Jamestown De La Warr introduced Irish tactics Troops invaded villages, burned houses, stole provisions, and torched cornfields

First Anglo-Powhatan War: 1614, sealed by the marrige pf Pocahontas and colonist John Rolfe Indians were angry because white people were land hungry and brought diseases Struck back in 1622 347 settlers dead Virginia Company declared a new war without a truce

Second Anglo-Powhatan War: 1644, Indians were defeated Banded Cheaspeake Indians from their land

1669 census: around 2,000 Indians lived in Virginia 1685 English considered Powhatan people to be extinct

2-9: Old Netherlands at New Netherland People of the Netherlands were oppressed Late 16 century they rebelled against Catholic Spain The people won independence with aid from Protestant England 17 century = Golden Age in Dutch history Became a bug commercial + naval power Challenged England 3 great Anglo-Dutch wars fought in the 17 century 100 ships per side Dutch became a colonial power in the East Indies Dutch East India Company: Supported an army of 10,000 men and 190 ships at one point Employed English explorer Henry Hudson Hudson went to Delaware and New York bays in 1908 and ascended the Hudson River Dutch West India Company: Less powerful that Dutch East India Company 1628 captured fleet of Spanish treasure ships with lots of $15 million Had outposts in Africa Had thriving sugar industry in Brazil

New Netherland: Hudson River area , 1623-1624, established by Dutch West India for fur trade Purchased Manhattan from natives for shirts, powder, muskets, askes, knifes, and other items

New Amsterdam (NYC) was a company town No enthusiasm for religious toleration, free speech, or democratic practices Quakers were abused

2-10: Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors Shareholders wanted dividends and didn't care about the colonists well being Indians retaliated with massacres Swedes trespassed on Dutch perseus from 1638-1655 New Sweden on Delaware River

2-11: Dutch Residues in New York New England immigrants were ½ the population English thought of Dutch as intruders Charles II gave the area to his brother Duke of York Peter Stugvesant was forced to surrender New Amsterdam renamed to NewYork in honor of the Duke of York Last to join the colonies (Netherlands) and first to exit Made their mark still by naming Harlem (Haarlem), Brooklyn (Breuckelen), and Hell Gate (Hellegat) Gambrel-roofed architecture left an imprint Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf (kolf) also made its mark

2-12: The Indians’ New World New changes - horses (catalyzed in 18 century), Lakotas (forest dwellers) moved to the open plains (became hunters), firearms Forced migration, diseases, and warfare Expanded Atlantic economy Further inland natives had the advantage of time, space, and numbers