Test 3 Review Notes

Test 3 Review Notes

Topics Covered

• Identifying Multivariate Correlational Study Designs

• Types of designs: Longitudinal, Multiple regression, Moderation, Mediation

• Evaluating Validity of Multivariate Correlational Study Designs

• Types of validity: Construct validity, External validity, Statistical validity, Internal validity

Elements of an Experiment

• Key Components

• IV (Manipulated Variable)

• DV (Measured Variable)

• Random Assignment

• Experimental Control

• Confounds vs. Noise Variables

• Identifying Experimental Study Designs

• Evaluating Validity of Experiments

• Construct validity & manipulation checks

• Statistical validity

• External validity

• Internal validity

• Threats to Internal Validity and Solutions

Multivariate Correlational Designs

1. Individuals with social anxiety tend to avoid interactions due to fear of negative judgment.

• a. Mediation

• b. Moderation

• c. Multiple regression

• d. Longitudinal

1. Childhood bullying predicts adolescent depression.

2. Sexual harassment experienced by women in the workplace can vary by ethnicity.

3. Narcissism affects commitment in romantic relationships irrespective of self-esteem levels.

Mediation Concepts

• Path Variables Explained

1. Path b: Effect of fear of judgment on social interaction, considering social anxiety.

2. Path c′: Direct effect of social anxiety on avoiding social interactions.

3. Interpretation of correlation results if no relationship is found between social anxiety and fear of judgment.

4. Mediation analysis outcome interpretation when ab/c = 0.60, indicating partial mediation.

Longitudinal Designs

• Research Design: Assessing bullying's impact on depressive symptoms over time.

• Moderate relationship correlations across Time 1 and Time 2.

1. Cross-lagged correlation vs. cross-sectional correlation defined.

2. Correlation assessment conclusions: bullying's predictive nature on depression.

3. Potential claims derived from study findings (causal vs. association claims).

Moderation Analysis

• Example: Gender as a predictor for sexual harassment experiences, moderated by ethnicity.

• Define key components: Predictor (gender), Outcome (sexual harassment), Moderator (ethnicity).

Multiple Regression Analysis

• Finding: Relationship between narcissism, self-esteem, and relationship commitment demonstrated with beta values.

• Beta symbols indicate strength and direction of relationships, controlling for other variables.

Identifying Experimental Study Designs

1. Types of studies evaluated:

• Comparing stress levels in public speaking scenarios (large vs. small audiences).

• Student motivation in solo vs. group study sessions.

1. Various study designs categorized by timing of intervention (pre-test, post-test, repeated measures, etc.).

2. Interventions for therapy improvement using art therapy alongside regular therapy.

3. Snack preference tested under stress conditions with concurrent measures.

Practice Questions

• Match internal validity threats to solutions:

• Demand characteristic, Regression threat, Placebo effect, Researcher bias, Order effects, Selection effects, History threat

• Possible solutions: Placebo control group, Comparison group, Counterbalancing, Random assignment, Double-blind design, Matched groups design.

Additional Study Tips

• Refer to Lecture Slides and Notes: While this guide covers broad topics, study material will provide deeper insights and examples relevant to these concepts.

Reminder: Use practice questions for reinforcing understanding and enhancing exam preparedness.