Henry VII

• Mariage Alliances/ Dynastic security

  • 1501 Prince Arthur + Katherine of Aragon

    • Treaty of Medina Del Campo

  • 1502 Proposed marriage between prince Henry + Katherine of Aragon

    • Blocked by Ferdinand - papal dispensation

    • 1504 Death of Isabella of Castille made the match less attractive

    • After Treaty of Windsor, Ferdinand ensured that the marriage would not take place in Henry VII’s lifetime.

  • 1503 Princess Margaret Tudor (henry’s daughter) + King James IV of Scotland

    • 1502 Treaty of Perpetual Peace

  • 1506 Proposed marriage between Henry VII + Archduchess Margaret of Burgundy

    • Aimed at strengthening Henry’s position after the death of Elizabeth of York (1503)

  • An essential part of international diplomacy used to strengthen international prestige as well as national security

  • 1506 Treaty of Windsor returned Edward de la Pole to England

• National Security

  • The Treaty of Perpetual Peace 1502

    • First treaty between French and English in 150 years

    • Weakened the Auld Alliance with France

  • Treaty of Medina Del Campo

    • Non-aggression pact

• Trade

  • A trade embargo on Burgundy damaged English industries focused on wool production.

  • Navigation Acts 1485+86

    • Only had a limited effect as the majority of commerce was still shipped by foreigners.

  • Intercursus Magnus 1496

    • Ended a trade embargo with Burgundy in exchange for Philip not supporting Perkin Warbeck.

  • Intercursus Magnus

    • It would have lifted all tolls on English wool products and, therefore highly favourable to Henry

    • Never formally ratified.

• International Prestige

  • 1485 - Pope recognises the legitimacy of Henry as king

  • 1492 - Invasion of France

  • 1502 Medina del Campo

  • 1506 Treaty of Windsor showed Henry’s political miscalculations in betting against Ferdinand of Aragon.

• Finance

  • Refurbishment of court = soft power - LINK to International Prestige

  • Loans to foreign powers

    • £138,000 loan to burgundy

    • £226,000 loan to Emperor Maximilian between 1505-1509

  • Allowed Henry to project the power of a much wealthier monarch

    • England annual income = £113,000

    • French annual income = £800,000

    • HRE annual income = £1.1 million

  • Link to national Security —> stable finances allowed Henry to easily raise an army for self defense/ launch invasion force to France 1492

Henry VII

Success

Failure

• Securing the Succession

  • Peace of Cambrai

    • Pope’s political dependence on Charles V

  • Attempt to ally with League of Schmalkalden

  • Marriage to Anne of Cleves

    • Failed

  • 1527 Treaty of Amiens

    • Attempts to use diplomacy to get the annulment

    • Hoped that French support would enable him to marry Anne

  • Charles V

    • Nephew of Catherine of Aragon

    • Sacking of Rome

• National Security

  • 1513 Battle of Flodden

    • small english force defeated Scottish attackers

  • 1542 Battle of Solway Moss

    • Heavy scottish defeat

  • Silken Rebellion/Ireland

    • Major uprising

    • …

• Trade

  • 1527-8 - Trade embargo against Burgundy

    • failed due to protests from cloth towns

• Battlefield glory

  • 1512 - 10,000 troops sent to SW France

    • Failure since Ferdinand abandons Henry and uses this as a distraction to conquer Navarre

  • 1513 - First French war

    • Henry personally leads force to NW France

    • Battle of the Spurs ( victory in propoganda only)

    • Captures Therouanne and Tournai

      • Important in establishing his reputation

      • Later sold back at a loss

    • Cost - £892,000

  • 1513 - Battle of Flodden

    • Nearly entire Scottish court wiped out

    • Infant King James VI defenseless

    • Henry unable to press advantage due to Financial constraints of 1st French War

  • Second French War (1522-25)

    • English invasions in 1522 + 1523

    • Total cost £400,000

  • Third French War (1543-46)

    • Personally led by Henry - despite serious health issues (shows commitment)

    • Captured Boulogne

    • Henry abandoned by Charles V

      • alliance with Francis in treaty of crepy 1544)

    • Failure of the Battle of the solent

      • Henry’s flagship the Mary Rose sinks

Judgement:

• Diplomacy/ Peacemaker of Europe

  • 1518 Treaty of London

    • Forms a united Christian front against the Turks

    • Alliances formed individually with Henry

    • Over 20 european signatories

    • Undermined by death of Macmillain HRE only 3 months after treaty.

      • Leadership contest between Charles V + Henry VIII

  • 1520 Field of the cloth of Gold

    • Bankrupted BOTH monarchs

    • ½ of Francis’ spending was borrowed - preventing French attack on garrison of Calais

    • 1/3 of annual royal expenditure

  • 1521 Treaty of Bruges

    • Between Charles V and Wolsey

    • Proposed marriage alliance between Charles V + infant Mary Tudor

    • Military support from Charles V if Francis did not make peace

  • BREAK WITH ROME

    • All diplomatic routes totally failed

  • July 1543 Treaty of Greenwich

    • Proposed marriage alliance between mary queen of scots + edward tudor

    • Rejected by scottish parliament Dec 1543

    • Led to Henry raiding key towns (eg. St Andrews) - failure of diplomacy

  • 1544 Treaty of Crepy

    • Henry unaware of the treaty

    • Let down by Charles V who abandoned Henry to side with Francis I

Judgement:

• Finance

  • Third French War

    • Cost over £2 million:

      • Disillusion of the monasteries

      • Debasement of the coinage

        • raised £800,000

          Large-scale borrowing from Antwerp

    • 1546 Treaty of Ardres

  • French Pension

    • Total - £730,000

    • 1510 - re-affirmed by Henry VIII’s council

    • 1521 Treaty of Bruges kept secret until Henry had received latest payment (shows importance)

Edward VI

Scotland

France