Bio 101 Unit 3 Test

Front: What are the major components of the nucleotides that make up DNA?
Back: A phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G).

Front: What are the major components of the nucleotides that make up RNA?
Back: A phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (A, U, C, or G).

Front: What are the complementary base pairs in DNA?
Back: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).

Front: What are the complementary base pairs in RNA?
Back: Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U), and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).

Front: What kinds of bonds hold the two strands of DNA together?
Back: Hydrogen bonds.

Front: What makes up the backbone of DNA?
Back: Alternating phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars.

Front: What are the differences between RNA and DNA?
Back: RNA has ribose sugar, uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. DNA has deoxyribose sugar, thymine, and is double-stranded.

Front: What are some similarities between RNA and DNA?
Back: Both are nucleic acids, both have phosphate backbones, and both use adenine, cytosine, and guanine.

Front: Describe DNA’s shape.
Back: Double helix (twisted ladder).

Front: Describe RNA’s shape.
Back: Usually single-stranded, but can form secondary structures like hairpins.

Front: What does mRNA do?
Back: Carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Front: What does tRNA do?
Back: Transfers amino acids to the ribosome during translation, based on the mRNA codon.

Front: What does rRNA do?
Back: Forms the core of the ribosome and catalyzes protein synthesis.

Front: Describe the process of DNA replication.
Back: DNA unwinds, and each strand serves as a template for a new complementary strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules.

Front: Describe the process of transcription.
Back: DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase, using one DNA strand as a template.

Front: Describe the process of translation.
Back: mRNA is read by ribosomes, and tRNA brings amino acids to build a polypeptide chain based on the mRNA codons.

Front: How do you use a codon chart to determine the amino acid?
Back: Match the mRNA codon (3 nucleotides) to the corresponding amino acid on the chart.

Front: If given a strand of DNA, how do you find the complementary strand?
Back: Replace A with T, T with A, C with G, and G with C.

Front: If given a strand of DNA, how do you find the mRNA strand?
Back: Replace T with U, and keep A, C, and G the same.

Front: If given mRNA codons, how do you find the tRNA anticodons?
Back: The tRNA anticodon is complementary to the mRNA codon (A-U, C-G).

Front: How is cell division different in prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes?
Back: Prokaryotes use binary fission; eukaryotes use mitosis or meiosis.

Front: What happens during Interphase?
Back: The cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division.

Front: What happens in each phase of mitosis (PMAT)?
Back:

• Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down.

• Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.

• Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

• Telophase: Chromosomes de-condense, nuclear envelope reforms.

Front: What are the phases of mitosis in order?
Back: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT).

Front: What happens in each phase of meiosis?
Back:

• Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate.

• Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate.

Front: What are the phases of meiosis in order?
Back: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II.

Front: What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Back: Mitosis produces 2 diploid cells; meiosis produces 4 haploid cells. Mitosis is for growth/repair; meiosis is for sexual reproduction.

Front: What is the difference in products between male and female meiosis?
Back: Males produce 4 sperm cells; females produce 1 egg and 3 polar bodies.

Front: What is mitosis used for?
Back: Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

Front: What is meiosis used for?
Back: Producing gametes for sexual reproduction.

Front: What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
Back: Asexual involves one parent and produces genetically identical offspring; sexual involves two parents and produces genetically diverse offspring.

Front: How many chromosomes do humans have?
Back: 46 (23 pairs).

Front: How many chromosomes are in human gametes (sperm/egg)?
Back: 23 (haploid).

Front: What is one difference between plant and animal mitosis?
Back: In plants, a cell plate forms during cytokinesis; in animals, a cleavage furrow forms.

Front: How do the cells produced by mitosis compare to the original cell?
Back: They are genetically identical and have the same amount of DNA.

Front: How do the cells produced by meiosis compare to the original cell?
Back: They are genetically different and have half the amount of DNA (haploid).

Front: What is the function of the spindle?
Back: To separate chromosomes during cell division.

Front: What is cytokinesis?
Back: The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.

Front: What is a dominant allele?
Back: An allele that is expressed even if only one copy is present.

Front: What is a recessive allele?
Back: An allele that is only expressed if two copies are present.

Front: What is homozygous?
Back: Having two identical alleles for a gene (e.g., AA or aa).

Front: What is heterozygous?
Back: Having two different alleles for a gene (e.g., Aa).

Front: What is a genotype?
Back: The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., AA, Aa, aa).

Front: What is a phenotype?
Back: The physical expression of a genotype (e.g., brown eyes).

Front: What is an allele?
Back: A variant form of a gene.

Front: What is a pedigree chart?
Back: A diagram that shows the inheritance of a trait across generations.

Front: What is a karyotype?
Back: A visual representation of an individual’s chromosomes.

Front: How do you work a simple dominance Punnett square?
Back: Cross two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa) to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Front: How do you work an incomplete dominance Punnett square?
Back: Cross two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa), where the heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes.

Front: How do you work a sex-linked Punnett square?
Back: Use X and Y chromosomes to predict inheritance of traits linked to sex chromosomes (e.g., color blindness).

Front: How do you work a codominance Punnett square?
Back: Cross two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa), where both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype (e.g., blood type AB).

Front: How do you work a blood type Punnett square?
Back: Use multiple alleles (A, B, O) to predict blood type inheritance.

Front: What sex chromosomes are associated with a male?
Back: XY.

Front: What sex chromosomes are associated with a female?
Back: XX.

Front: What is meant by multiple alleles?
Back: A gene that has more than two possible alleles (e.g., blood type has A, B, and O).

Front: How can the environment affect phenotype?
Back: Factors like diet, temperature, and chemicals can influence gene expression (e.g., fur color in Himalayan rabbits).

Front: What is a mutation?
Back: A change in the DNA sequence.

Front: What is a deletion mutation?
Back: When one or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence.

Front: What is an insertion mutation?
Back: When one or more nucleotides are added to the DNA sequence.

Front: What is a point mutation (base substitution)?
Back: When one nucleotide is replaced by another.

Front: What is a translocation mutation?
Back: When a segment of DNA is moved to a different location.

Front: What is a duplication mutation?
Back: When a segment of DNA is copied and inserted elsewhere.

Front: When can mutations happen?
Back: During DNA replication, exposure to mutagens, or errors in repair mechanisms.

Front: When do mutations get passed on to offspring?
Back: If they occur in gametes (sperm or egg).

Front: What are some benefits of mutations?
Back: They can lead to genetic diversity and adaptation (e.g., antibiotic resistance).

Front: What are some disadvantages of mutations?
Back: They can cause diseases (e.g., cancer) or harmful genetic disorders.