Untitled Flashcards Set

1. What were the political, social, and economic rationales used to justify Western imperialism in the nineteenth century?
   Imperialism was justified politically for power, socially for "civilizing" non-Western peoples, and economically for resources and new markets.

2. In what ways did European states exploit their colonies, and in what ways did colonial rule benefit colonial populations?
   Europeans exploited colonies for labor and resources, but colonial rule sometimes brought infrastructure and education, though often limited and exploitative.

3. How was the British colonization of Australia and New Zealand during the nineteenth century similar to the earlier colonization of North America?
   All involved settler colonies, displacement of indigenous people, and resource exploitation.

4. In what ways did Africans shape Christianity in regions where it arrived with colonial powers in the nineteenth century?
   Africans blended Christianity with local traditions, creating unique forms of worship.

5. What did Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War mean for Japan, Russia, Western powers, and colonial subjects around the world?
   Japan emerged as a military power, challenged Russia, and inspired anti-colonial movements worldwide.

6. In the nineteenth century, how did China's confrontation with Britain compare to Japan's confrontation with the United States?
   China lost territory and autonomy after the Opium Wars, while Japan modernized rapidly after being forced open by the U.S.

7. Compare and contrast the programs of defensive modernization implemented by China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan in the nineteenth century.
   China’s reforms failed, the Ottomans made slow progress, while Japan successfully modernized during the Meiji Restoration.

8. How were women's lives affected by the upheavals of the nineteenth century in China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan?
   Women faced traditional roles but gained some educational and social advances in all three regions, with Japan’s reforms being the most significant.
   
   Good to know

Japan's open door policy and the USA saying open up.

Country decided to industrialize

They retrained samurai 

Japan industrialized much faster than the USA but they used USA´s mistakes to help improve it

1.Ottoman Decline
The decline of the Ottoman Empire was marked by a series of military defeats and loss of territory, coupled with internal strife and economic challenges. The impact of nationalism among various ethnic groups within the empire also contributed to its weakening, leading to eventual disintegration following World War I.

2. Imperialist Japan
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japan rapidly industrialized and sought to expand its territory. This imperialist agenda was driven by the desire for natural resources and the need for markets to support its growing economy, manifested in conflicts such as the First Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War.

3. Road to Communism
The road to communism in several nations, especially in China and Russia, involved revolutionary movements against imperialism and autocratic rule. In Russia, the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 replaced the Tsarist regime with a communist government, while in China, the struggle against foreign domination and warlordism created conditions for the rise of the Chinese Communist Party.

4. China Imperialism
During the 19th century, China faced severe imperialist pressures from Western powers and Japan. The Opium Wars exemplified this aggression, culminating in treaties that favored foreign powers and led to significant territorial concessions, such as Hong Kong to Britain.

5. China: Qing to Communism
The transition from the Qing Dynasty to communism involved a series of upheavals and reforms. The fall of the Qing in 1911 set the stage for civil unrest, which, combined with the legacies of imperialism, propelled the communist movement, culminating in the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

6. Empires in Collision & China: Qing to Communism
The interactions between various empires, particularly during the Qing period, were marked by confrontations with Western imperialism and the internal struggles of the Chinese populace. These collisions led to significant social and political transformations, ultimately playing a part in the communist revolution.

7. India Imperialism
British colonial rule in India was characterized by economic exploitation and cultural transformation. The British East India Company's control paved the way for direct British rule, resulting in profound changes to Indian society, economy, and politics, leading to the Indian independence movement.

8. Southern Africa Imperialism
Southern Africa was deeply impacted by European imperialist ambitions, particularly during the Scramble for Africa. The discovery of diamonds and gold attracted settlers and led to conflicts with indigenous populations, resulting in colonial rule that reshaped societies and economies in the region.

9. Congo Imperialism
The Congo, particularly under King Leopold II of Belgium, was subjected to extreme exploitation and brutality during the late 19th century. The extraction of resources, especially rubber, led to immense suffering among the Congolese population and serves as a prominent example of the horrors of imperialism.

10. Imperialism, Scramble for Africa
The Scramble for Africa refers to the rapid invasion, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers in the late 19th century. Driven by economic interests, strategic considerations, and a belief in the civilizing mission, this period led to the division of Africa and the exploitation of its people and resources.

1. Rationales (Reasons) For Imperialism?

   • Economic gain, military strength, spreading culture and values, and the desire for new markets and raw materials.

2. What historical development was MOST important for Europeans, the USA, & Japan to create empires so quickly?

   • The Industrial Revolution, which provided technological advancements in transportation, weapons, and communication.

3. The "White Man's Burden" was an argument that imperial nations should...?

   • Take on the responsibility of governing and "civilizing" non-European societies.

4. Opposition to Imperialism WITHIN Empires?

   • There were nationalist movements, revolts, and resistance from indigenous populations.

5. Which ideological philosophy that emerged between 1750 to 1900 most influenced this author's point of view?

   • Social Darwinism, which justified imperialism by suggesting that stronger nations had the right to dominate weaker ones.

6. Before 1750, Asian land-empires dominated Afro-Eurasia. What historical development MOST reversed that trend?

   • The rise of European naval power and the establishment of colonial empires in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

7. What BEST explains the cause for Europe's rapid imperial expansion in this time period?

   • Technological advancements from the Industrial Revolution, including steamships and firearms, which made it easier to control distant lands.

8. In a little over 100 years, South Asia went from the Mughal Empire to the British Empire. What is a TRUE reason why?

   • The decline of the Mughal Empire, combined with British military and economic dominance.

9. South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand were all similar because...?

   • They were all colonized by European powers (Britain) and became settler colonies.

10. Which European power lost their Caribbean and Pacific colonies to the USA in 1898?

    • Spain.

11. What is a TRUE description of the region known as "The Congo" after the Berlin Conference in 1884?

    • It became the personal property of King Leopold II of Belgium, who exploited it for rubber and other resources.

12. Indigenous Responses to State Expansion

    • Indigenous populations often resisted through rebellions, wars, and cultural preservation efforts.

13. All of the following people would have RESISTED European empires in Africa EXCEPT:

    • This would depend on the specific choices provided.

14. Which proud African country was able to successfully RESIST the Italian Empire & preserve its independence?

    • Ethiopia.

15. Economics of Imperialism

    • Imperialism was driven by the desire for raw materials, new markets, and profitable investments.

16. Thematically, which rationale (reason) for imperialism best describes the main idea of this author?

    • This would depend on the specific author referenced.

17. What was used as a crop fertilizer because of its high concentration of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium?

    • Guano (bird droppings).

18. Global Migration

    • Migration was influenced by factors such as job opportunities, escape from poverty or war, and the promise of better living conditions.

19. Wars of national unification in Germany, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire were a...?

    • Response to nationalism and a desire for political unity and independence.

20. Availability of work in the newly independent nations of the Americas was a..?

    • Pull factor for migration, as people sought economic opportunities.

21. After European diseases decimated populations in Oceania, the availability of land was a...?

    • Push factor, as land became more available for European settlers.

22. The presence of famine after the failure of the potato harvest in Ireland was a..?

    • Push factor that led to large-scale Irish emigration.

23. Industrial technologies like the railroad, steamship, and the telegraph accelerated migration because they helped with..?

    • Easier transportation and communication across long distances.

24. This 1878 song, written by a Scottish immigrant, MOST advocates which reason for people to move to Australia?

    • Economic opportunity and the promise of a better life.

25. Which route would have seen the movement of Italians & Germans following wars of national unification?

    • From Italy and Germany to the Americas.

26. Which route was mainly men migrating for work following the violence of the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing?

    • From China to Southeast Asia and the Americas.

27. This route started after 1492 ended in 1880s because of Abolitionism & European Empire's need for labor?

    • The transatlantic slave trade.

28. After the conquest of the Mughal Empire, the British used these workers throughout its empire around the world?

    • Indian indentured laborers.

29. This source is best understood in the context of which time period in Japanese history?

    • The Meiji Restoration (1868-1912), when Japan modernized and industrialized.

30. What is the name for an urban neighborhood created by immigrants that preserves their culture in a new land?

    • Ethnic enclave.

31. Poll: What's your favorite Ethnic Enclave of Chicago?

    • This would be a subjective answer based on personal preference.

32. Causation in the Imperial Age

    • The expansion of European empires caused significant changes in global trade, culture, and power dynamics.

33. Like many rebellions in China's past, the Taiping rebellion of the 19th century happened when?

    • When there was widespread dissatisfaction with the ruling Qing Dynasty, exacerbated by poverty, corruption, and foreign influence.

34. The Taiping Rebellion lasted from 1850 to 1864. What impact did it have on China?

    • It weakened the Qing Dynasty, causing millions of deaths and leading to reforms.

35. Which older land-based empire (from Unit 3) was the site of the "Boxer Rebellion"?

    • The Qing Dynasty in China.

36. The primary goal of the Boxer Rebellion was to?

    • Expel foreign influence and Christian missionaries from China.

37. Who won the Boxer Rebellion?

    • An eight-nation alliance of Western powers and Japan defeated the Boxers.

38. All of the following dates and events happened, but which one ended the Qing Dynasty in China?

    • The 1911 Xinhai Revolution, not the Boxer Rebellion.

39. The Qing dynasty's "self-strengthening" policies MOST sought to?

    • Modernize China’s military, economy, and educational system.

40. The Ottoman Empire responded to the Industrial Revolution with the "Tanzimat Reform"

    • Which aimed at modernization, legal reforms, and centralization of power.

41. Which territories did the Ottoman Empire lose MOSTLY because of NATIONALIST revolutions?

    • Territories in the Balkans and the Middle East.

42. Which historical development in Europe would have been most responsible for getting the Sultan to issue this decree?

    • The rise of nationalism and the spread of ideas from the French Revolution.

43. Which historical development in Europe was most responsible for influencing this proclamation by the Young Turks?

    • The rise of constitutionalism and democracy, influenced by European revolutions.

44. Which government was forced to "open up" with the arrival of the USA's Matthew Perry in 1854?

    • Japan, leading to the end of its isolation and the beginning of the Meiji Restoration.

45. What was the outcome of the 1868-1869 "Boshin" civil war between the Shogun vs. Emperor?

    • The Emperor (Meiji) won, ending the Tokugawa Shogunate and restoring imperial rule.

46. What argument does this advisor to the Meiji Emperor make to modernize Japan?

    • To adopt Western technology and military practices to strengthen Japan.

47. Which of the following is a TRUE change that happened for women as a result of "Meiji Reforms?"

    • Women gained more educational opportunities, although they were still excluded from political rights.